Act No. 3815, December 08, 1930

[ Act No. 3815, December 08, 1930 ]

AN ACT REVISING THE PENAL CODE AND OTHER PENAL LAWS.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Philippines in Legislature assembled and by the authority of the same:

PRELIMINARY ARTICLE.—This law shall be known as "The Revised Penal Code."

BOOK ONE

GENERAL PROVISIONS REGARDING THE DATE OF ENFORCEMENT AND APPLICATION OF THE PROVISIONS OF THIS CODE, AND REGARDING THE OFFENSES, THE PERSONS LIABLE AND THE PENALTIES
PRELIMINARY TITLE
DATE OF EFFECTIVENESS AND APPLICATION OF THE PROVISIONS OF THIS CODE
ARTICLE 1. Time when Act takes effect.—This Code shall take effect on the first day of January, nineteen hundred and thirty-two.

ART. 2. Application of its provisions.—Except as provided in the treaties and laws of preferential application, the provisions of this Code shall be enforced not within the Philippine Archipelago, including its atmosphere, its interior waters and maritime zone, but also outside of its jurisdiction, against those who:

1. Should commit an offense while on a Philippine ship or airship.
   
   
2. Should forge or counterfeit any coin or currency note of the Philippine Islands or obligations and securities issued by the Government of the Philippine Islands.
   
   
3. Should be liable for acts connected with the introduction into these Islands of the obligations and securities mentioned in the preceding number.
   
   
4. While being public officers or employees, should commit an offense in the exercise of their functions; or
   
   
5. Should commit any of the crimes against national security and the law of nations, defined in Title One of Book Two of this Code.

TITLE ONE

FELONIES AND CIRCUMSTANCES WHICH AFFECT CRIMINAL LIABILITY

CHAPTER ONE

FELONIES
ART. 3. Definition.—Acts and omissions punishable by law are felonies (delitos).

Felonies are committed not only by means of deceit (dolo) but also means of fault (culpa).

There is deceit when the act is performed with deliberate intent; and there is fault when the wrongful act results from imprudence, negligence, lack of foresight, or lack of skill.

ART. 4. Criminal liability.—Criminal liability shall be incurred:

1. By any person committing a felony (delito) although the wrongful act done be different from that which he intended.
   
   
2. By any person performing an act which would be an offense against persons or property, were it not for the inherent impossibility of its accomplishment or on account of the employment of inadequate or ineffectual means.

ART. 5. Duty of the court in connection with acts which should be repressed but which are not covered by the law, and in cases of excessive penalties.—Whenever a court has knowledge of any act which it may deem proper to repress and which is not punishable by law, it shall render the proper decision, and shall report to the Chief Executive, through the Department of Justice, the reasons which induce the court to believe that said act should be made the subject of penal legislation.

In the same way the court shall submit to the Chief Executive, through the Department of Justice, such statement as may be deemed proper, without suspending the execution of the sentence, when a strict enforcement of the provisions of this Code would result in the imposition of a clearly excessive penalty, taking into consideration the degree of malice and the injury caused by the offense.

ART. 6. Consummated, frustrated, and attempted felonies.—Consummated felonies, as well as those which are frustrated and attempted, are punishable.

A felony is consummated when all the elements necessary for its execution and accomplishment are present; and it is frustrated when the offender performs all the acts of execution which would produce the felony as a consequence but which, nevertheless, do not produce it by reason of causes independent of the will of the perpetrator.

There is an attempt when the offender commences the commission of a felony directly by overt acts, and does not perform all the acts of execution which should produce the felony by reason of some cause or accident other than his own spontaneous desistance.

ART. 7. When light felonies are punishable.—Light felonies are punishable only when they have been consummated, with the exception of those committed against persons or property.

ART. 8. Conspiracy and proposal to commit felony.—Conspiracy and proposal to commit felony are punishable only in the cases in which the law specially provides a penalty therefor.

A conspiracy exists when two or more persons come to an agreement concerning the commission of a felony and decide to commit it.

There is proposal when the person who has decided to commit a felony proposes its execution to some other person or persons.

ART. 9. Grave felonies, less grave felonies and light felonies.—Grave felonies are those to which the law attaches the capital punishment or penalties which in any of their periods are afflictive, in accordance with article 25 of this Code.

Less grave felonies are those which the law punishes with penalties which in their maximum period are correctional, in accordance with the above mentioned article.

Light felonies are those infractions of law for the commission of which the penalty of arresto menor or a fine not exceeding 200 pesos or both, is provided.

ART. 10. Offenses not subject to the provisions of this Code.—Offenses which are or in the future may be punishable under special laws are not subject to the provisions of this Code. This Code shall be supplementary to such laws, unless the latter should specially provide the contrary.

CHAPTER TWO

JUSTIFYING CIRCUMSTANCES AND CIRCUMSTANCES WHICH EXEMPT FROM CRIMINAL LIABILITY
ART. 11. Justifying circumstances.—The following do not incur any criminal liability:

1. Anyone who acts in defense of his person or rights, provided that the following circumstances concur:
   
   First. Unlawful aggression;

Second. Reasonable necessity of the means employed to prevent or repel it;

Third. Lack of sufficient provocation on the part of the person defending himself.

1. Anyone who acts in defense of the person or rights of his spouse, ascendants, descendants, or legitimate, natural or adopted brothers or sisters, or of his relatives by affinity in the same degrees, and those by consanguinity within the fourth civil degree, provided that the first and second requisites prescribed in the next preceding circumstance are present, and the further requisite, in case the provocation was given by the person attacked, that the one making defense had no part therein.
   
   
2. Anyone who acts in defense of the person or rights of a stranger, provided that the first and second requisites mentioned in the first circumstance of this article are present and that the person defending be not induced by revenge, resentment, or other evil motive.
   
   
3. Any person who, in order to avoid an evil or injury, does an act which causes damage to another, provided that the following requisites are present:
   
   First. That the evil sought to be avoided actually exists;

Second. That the injury feared be greater than that done to avoid it;

Third. That there be no other practical and less harmful means of preventing it.

1. Any person who acts in the fulfillment of a duty or in the lawful exercise of a right or office.
   
   
2. Any person who acts in obedience to an order issued by a superior for some lawful purpose.

ART. 12. Circumstances which exempt from criminal liability.—The following are exempt from criminal liability:

1. An imbecile or an insane person, unless the latter has acted during a lucid interval.

When the imbecile or an insane person has committed an act which the law defines as a felony (

delito

), the court shall order his confinement in one of the hospitals or asylums established for persons thus afflicted, which he shall not be permitted to leave without first obtaining the permission of the same court.

1. A person under nine years of age.
   
   
2. A person over nine years of age and under fifteen, unless he has acted with discernment, in which case, such minor shall be proceeded against in accordance with the provisions of article 80 of this Code.
   
   When such minor is adjudged to be criminally irresponsbile, the court, in conformity with the provisions of this and the preceding paragraph, shall commit him to the care and custody of his family who shall be charged with his surveillance and education; otherwise, he shall be committed to the care of some institution or person mentioned in said article 80.

1. Any person who, while performing a lawful act with due care, causes an injury by mere accident without fault or intention of causing it.
   
   
2. Any person who acts under the compulsion of an irresistible force.
   
   
3. Any person who acts under the impulse of an uncontrollable fear of an equal or greater injury.
   
   
4. Any person who fails to perform an act required by law, when prevented by some lawful or insuperable cause.

CHAPTER THREE

CIRCUMSTANCES WHICH MITIGATE CRIMINAL LIABILITY
ART. 13. Mitigating circumstances.—The following are mitigating circumstances:

1. Those mentioned in the preceding chapter, when all the requisites necessary to justify the act or to exempt from criminal liability in the respective cases are not attendant.
   
   
2. That the offender is under eighteen years of age or over seventy years. In the case of the minor, he shall be proceeded against in accordance with the provisions of article 80.
   
   
3. That the offender had no intention to commit so grave a wrong as that committed.
   
   
4. That sufficient provocation or threat on the part of the offended party immediately preceded the act.
   
   
5. That the act was committed in the immediate vindication of a grave offense to the one committing the felony (delito), his spouse, ascendants, descendants, legitimate, natural, or adopted brothers or sisters, or relatives by affinity within the same degrees.
   
   
6. That of having acted upon an impulse so powerful as naturally to have produced passion or obfuscation.
   
   
7. That the offender had voluntarily surrendered himself to a person in authority or his agents, or that he had voluntarily confessed his guilt before the court prior to the presentation of the evidence for the prosecution.
   
   
8. That the offender is deaf and dumb, blind or otherwise suffering some physical defect which thus restricts his means of action, defense, or communication with his fellow beings.
   
   
9. Such illness of the offender as would diminish the exercise of the will-power of the offender without however depriving him of consciousness of his acts.
   
   
10. And, finally, any other circumstance of a similar nature and analogous to those above mentioned.

CHAPTER FOUR

CIRCUMSTANCES WHICH AGGRAVATE CRIMINAL LIABILITY
ART. 14. Aggravating circumstances.—The following are aggravating circumstances:

1. That advantage be taken by the offender of his public position.
   
   
2. That the crime be committed in contempt of or with insult to the public authorities.
   
   
3. That the act be committed with insult or in disregard of the respect due the offended party on account of his rank, age, or sex, or that it be committed in the dwelling of the offended party, if the latter has not given provocation.
   
   
4. That the act be committed with abuse of confidence or obvious ungratefulness.
   
   
5. That the crime be committed in the palace of the Chief Executive, or in his presence, or where public authorities are engaged in the discharge of their duties, or in a place dedicated to religious worship.
   
   
6. That the crime be committed in the night time, or in an uninhabited place, or by a band, whenever such circumstances may facilitate the commission of the offense.
   
   Whenever more than three armed malefactors shall have acted together in the commission of an offense it shall be deemed to have been committed by a band.

1. That the crime be committed on the occasion of a conflagration, shipwreck, earthquake, epidemic or other calamity or misfortune.
   
   
2. That the crime be committed with the aid of armed men or persons who insure or afford impunity.
   
   
3. That the accused is a recidivist.
   
   A recidivist is one who, at the time of his trial for one crime, shall have been previously convicted by final judgment of another crime embraced in the same title of this Code.

1. That the offender has been previously punished for an offense to which the law attaches an equal or greater penalty or for two or more crimes to which it attaches a lighter penalty.
   
   
2. That the crime be committed in consideration of a price, reward, or promise.
   
   
3. That the crime be committed by means of inundation, fire, poison, explosion, stranding of a vessel or intentional damage thereto, derailment of a locomotive, or by the use of any other artifice involving great waste and ruin.
   
   
4. That the act be committed with evident premeditation.
   
   
5. That craft, fraud, or disguise be employed.
   
   
6. That advantage be taken of superior strength, or means be employed to weaken the defense.
   
   
7. That the act be committed with treachery (alevosia).
   
   There is treachery when the offender commits any of the crimes against the person, employing means, methods, or forms in the execution thereof which tend directly and specially to insure its execution, without risk to himself arising from the defense which the offended party might make.

1. That means be employed or circumstances brought about which add ignominy to the natural effects of the act.
   
   
2. That the crime be committed after an unlawful entry. There is an unlawful entry when an entrance is effected by a way not intended for the purpose.
   
   
3. That as a means to the commission of a crime a wall, roof, floor, door, or window be broken.
   
   
4. That the crime be committed with the aid of persons under fifteen years of age or by means of motor vehicles, airships, or other similar means.
   
   
5. That the Wrong done in the commission of the crime be deliberately augmented by causing other wrong not necessary for its commission.

CHAPTER FIVE

ALTERNATIVE CIRCUMSTANCES
ART. 15. Their concept.—Alternative circumstances are those which must be taken into consideration as aggravating or mitigating according to the nature and effects of the crime and the other conditions attending its commission. They are the relationship, intoxication and the degree of instruction and education of the offender.

The alternative circumstance of relationship shall be taken into consideration when the offended party is the spouse, ascendant, descendant, legitimate, natural, or adopted brother or sister, or relative by affinity in the same degrees of the offender.

The intoxication of the offender shall be taken into consideration as a mitigating circumstance when the offender has committed a felony in a state of intoxication, if the same is not habitual or subsequent to the plan to commit said felony; but when the intoxication is habitual or intentional it shall be considered as an aggravating circumstance.

TITLE TWO

PERSONS CRIMINALLY LIABLE FOR FELONIES

ART. 16. Who are criminally liable.—The following are criminally liable for grave and less grave felonies:

1. Principals.
   
   
2. Accomplices.
   
   
3. Accessories.

The following are criminally liable for light felonies:

1. Principals.
   
   
2. Accomplices.

ART. 17. Principals.—The following are considered principals:

1. Those who take a direct part in the execution of the act;
   
   
2. Those who directly force or induce others to commit it;
   
   
3. Those who cooperate in the commission of the offense by another act without which it would not have been accomplished.

ART. 18. Accomplices.—Accomplices are those persons who, not being included in article 17, cooperate in the execution of the offense by previous or simultaneous acts.

ART. 19. Accessories.—Accessories are those who, having knowledge of the commission of the crime, and without having participated therein, either as principals or accomplices, take part subsequent to its commission in any of the following manners:

1. By profiting themselves or assisting the offenders to profit by the effects of the crime.
   
   
2. By concealing or destroying the body of the crime, or the effects or instruments thereof, in order to prevent its discovery.
   
   
3. By harboring, concealing, or assisting in the escape of the principal of the crime, provided the accessory acts with abuse of his public functions or Whenever the author of the crime is guilty of treason, parricide, murder, or an attempt to take the life of the Chief Executive, or is known to be habitually guilty of some other crime.

ART. 20. Accessories who are exempt from criminal liability.—The penalties prescribed for accessories shall not be imposed upon those who are such with respect to their spouses, ascendants, descendants, legitimate, natural, and adopted brothers and sisters, or relatives by affinity within the same degrees, with the single exception of accessories falling within the provisions of paragraph 1 of the next preceding article.

TITLE THREE

PENALTIES

CHAPTER ONE

PENALTIES IN GENERAL
ART. 21. Penalties that may be imposed.—No felony shall be imposed. be punishable by any penalty not prescribed by law prior to its commission.

ART. 22. Retroactive effect of penal laws.—Penal laws shall have a retroactive effect in so far as they favor the person guilty of a felony, who is not a habitual criminal, as this term is defined in rule 5 of article 62 of this Code, although at the time of the publication of such laws a final sentence has been pronounced and the convict is serving the same.

ART. 23. Effect of pardon by the offended party.—A pardon by the offended party does not extinguish criminal action except as provided in article 344 of this Code; but civil liability with regard to the interest of the injured party is extinguished by his express waiver.

ART. 24. Measures of prevention or safety which are not considered penalties.—The following shall not be considered as penalties:

1. The arrest and temporary detention of accused persons, as well as their detention by reason of insanity or imbecility, or illness requiring their confinement in a hospital.
   
   
2. The commitment of a minor to any of the institutions mentioned in article 80 and for the purposes specified therein.
   
   
3. Suspension from the employment or public office during the trial or in order to institute proceedings.
   
   
4. Fines and other corrective measures which, in the exercise of their administrative or disciplinary powers, superior officials may impose upon their subordinates.
   
   
5. Deprivation of rights and the reparations which the civil laws may establish in penal form.

CHAPTER TWO

CLASSIFICATION OF PENALTIES
ART. 25. Penalties which may be imposed.—The penalties which may be imposed, according to this Code, and their different classes, are those included in the following

SCALE

PRINCIPAL PENALTIES

Capital punishment:

Death.

Afflictive penalties:

Reclusion perpetua,

Reclusion temporal,

Perpetual or temporary absolute disqualification,

Perpetual or temporary special disqualification,

Prision mayor.

Correctional penalties:

Prision correccional,

Arresto mayor,

Suspension,

Destierro.

Light penalties:

Arresto menor,

Public censure.

Penalties common to the three preceding classes:

Fine, and

Bond to keep the peace.

ACCESSORY PENALTIES
Perpetual or temporary absolute disqualification,

Perpetual or temporary special disqualification,

Suspension from public office, the right to vote and be voted for, the profession or calling,

Civil interdiction,

Indemnification,

Forfeiture or confiscation of instruments and proceeds of the offense,

Payment of costs.

ART. 26. Fine—When afflictive, correctional or light penalty.—A fine, whether imposed as a single or as an alternative penalty, shall be considered an afflictive penalty, if it exceeds 6,000 pesos; a correctional penalty, if it does not exceed 6,000 pesos but is not less than 200 pesos; and a light penalty, if it be less than 200 pesos.

CHAPTER THREE

DURATION AND EFFECT OF PENALTIES

SECTION ONE.—Duration of Penalties

ART. 27. Reclusion perpetua.—Any person sentenced to any of the perpetual penalties shall be pardoned after undergoing the penalty for thirty years, unless such person by reason of his conduct or some other serious cause shall be considered by the Chief Executive as unworthy of pardon.

Reclusion temporal.—The penalty of reclusion temporal shall be from twelve years and one day to twenty years.

Prision mayor and temporary disqualification.—The duration of the penalties of prision mayor and temporary disqualification shall be from six years and one day to twelve years, except when the penalty of disqualification is imposed as an accessory penalty, in which case its duration shall be that of the principal penalty.

Prision correccional, suspension, and destierro.—The duration of the penalties of prision correccional, suspension and destierro shall be from six months and one day to six years, except when suspension is imposed as an accessory penalty, in which case, its duration shall be that of the principal penalty.

Arresto mayor.—The duration of the penalty of arresto mayor shall be from one month and one day to six months.

Arresto menor.—The duration of the penalty of arresto menor shall be from one day to thirty days.

Bond to keep the peace.—The bond to keep the peace shall be required to cover such period of time as the court may determine.

ART. 28. Computation of penalties.—If the offender shall be in prison the term of the duration of the temporary penalties shall be computed from the day on which the judgment of conviction shall have become final.

If the offender be not in prison, the term of the duration of the penalty consisting of deprivation of liberty shall be computed from the day that the offender is placed at the disposal of the judicial authorities for the enforcement of the penalty. The duration of the other penalties shall be computed only from the day on which the defendant commences to serve his sentence.

ART. 29. One-half of the period of the preventive imprisonment deducted from term of imprisonment.—Offenders who nave undergone preventive imprisonment shall be credited in the service of their sentences consisting of deprivation of liberty, with one-half of the time during which they have undergone preventive imprisonment, except in the following cases:

1. When they are recidivists, or have been convicted previously twice or more times of any crime;
   
   
2. When upon being summoned for the execution of their sentence they have failed to surrender voluntarily;
   
   
3. When they have been convicted of robbery, theft, estafa, malversation of public funds, falsification, vagrancy, or prostitution.

SECTION TWO.—Effects of the penalties according to their respective nature 

ART. 30. Effects of the penalties of perpetual or temporary absolute disqualification.—The penalties of perpetual or temporary absolute disqualification for public office shall produce the following effects:

1. The deprivation of the public offices and employments which the offender may have held, even if conferred by popular election.
   
   
2. The deprivation of the right to vote in any election for any popular elective office or to be elected to such office.
   
   
3. The disqualification for the offices or public employment and for the exercise of any of the rights mentioned.

In case of temporary disqualification, such disqualification as is comprised in paragraphs 2 and 3 of this article shall last during the term of the sentence.

4. The loss of all right to retirement pay or other pension for any office formerly held.

ART. 31. Effects of the penalties of perpetual or temporary special disqualification.—The penalties of perpetual or temporary special disqualification for public office, profession or calling shall produce the following effects:

1. The deprivation of the office, employment, profession or calling affected;
   
   
2. The disqualification for holding similar offices or employments either perpetually or during the term of the sentence, according to the extent of such disqualification.

ART. 32. Effects of the penalties of perpetual or temporary special disqualification for the exercise of the right of suffrage.—The perpetual or temporary special disqualification for the exercise of the right of suffrage shall deprive the offender perpetually or during the term of the sentence, according to the nature of said penalty, of the right to vote in any popular election for any public office or to be elected to such office. Moreover, the offender shall not be permitted to hold any public office during the period of his disqualification.

ART. 33. Effects of the penalties of suspension from any public office, profession or calling, or the right of suffrage.—The suspension from public office, profession or calling, and the exercise of the right of suffrage shall disqualify the offender from holding such office or exercising such profession or calling or right of suffrage during the term of the sentence.

The person suspended from holding public office shall not hold another having similar functions during the period of his suspension.

ART. 34. Civil interdiction.—Civil interdiction shall deprive the offender during the time of his sentence of the rights of parental authority, or guardianship, either as to the person or property of any ward, of marital authority, of the right to manage his property and of the right to dispose of such property by any act or any conveyance inter vivos.

ART. 35. Effects of bond to keep the peace.—It shall be the duty of any person sentenced to give bond to keep the peace, to present two sufficient sureties who shall undertake that such person will not commit the offense sought to be prevented, and that in case such offense be committed they will pay the amount determined by the court in its judgment, or otherwise to deposit such amount in the office of the clerk of the court to guarantee said undertaking.

The court shall determine, according to its discretion, the period of duration of the bond.

Should the person sentenced fail to give the bond as required he shall be detained for a period which shall in no case exceed six months, if he shall have been prosecuted for a grave or less grave felony, and shall not exceed thirty days, if for a light felony.

ART. 36. Pardon; its effects.—A pardon shall not work the restoration of the right to hold public office, or the right of suffrage, unless such rights be expressly restored by the terms of the pardon.

A pardon shall in no case exempt the culprit from the payment of the civil indemnity imposed upon him by the sentence.

ART. 37. Costs—What are included.—Costs shall include fees and indemnities in the course of the judicial proceedings, whether they be fixed or unalterable amounts previously determined by law or regulations in force, or amounts not subject to schedule.

ART. 38. Pecuniary liabilities—Order of payment.—In case the property of the offender should not be sufficient for the payment of all his pecuniary liabilities, the same shall be met in the following order:

1. The reparation of the damage caused.
   
   
2. Indemnification of consequential damages.
   
   
3. The fine.
   
   
4. The costs of the proceedings.

ART. 39. Subsidiary penalty.—If the convict has no property with which to meet the pecuniary liabilities mentioned in paragraphs 1st, 2nd and 3rd of the next preceding article, he shall be subject to a subsidiary personal liability at the rate of one day for each 2 pesos and 50 centavos, subject to the following rules:

1. If the principal penalty imposed be prision correccional or arresto and fine, he shall remain under confinement until his fine and pecuniary liabilities referred in the preceding paragraph are satisfied, but his subsidiary imprisonment shall not exceed one-third of the term of the sentence, and in no case shall it continue for more than one year, and no fraction or part of a day shall be counted against the prisoner.
   
   
2. When the principal penalty imposed be only a fine, the subsidiary imprisonment shall not exceed six months, if the culprit shall have been prosecuted for a grave or less grave felony, and shall not exceed fifteen days, if for a light felony.
   
   
3. When the principal penalty imposed is higher than prision correccional no subsidiary imprisonment shall be imposed upon the culprit.
   
   
4. If the principal penalty imposed is not to be executed by confinement in a penal institution, but such penalty is of fixed duration, the convict, during the period of time established in the preceding rules, shall continue to suffer the same deprivations as those of which the principal penalty consists.
   
   
5. The subsidiary personal liability which the convict may have suffered by reason of his insolvency shall not relieve him from reparation of the damage caused, nor from indemnification for the consequential damages in case his financial circumstances should improve; but he shall be relieved from pecuniary liability as to the fine.

SECTION THREE.—Penalties in which other accessory penalties are inherent    

ART. 40. Death—Its accessory penalties.—The death penalty, when it is not executed by reason of commutation or pardon shall carry with it that of perpetual absolute disqualification and that of civil interdiction during thirty years following the date of sentence, unless such accessory penalties have been expressly remitted in the pardon.

ART. 41. Reclusion perpetua and reclusion temporal—Their accessory penalties.—The penalties of reclusion perpetua and reclusion temporal shall carry with them that of civil interdiction for life or during the period of the sentence as the case may be, and that of perpetual absolute disqualification which the offender shall suffer even though pardoned as to the principal penalty, unless the same shall have been expressly remitted in the pardon.

ART. 42. Prision mayor—Its accessory penalties.—The penalty of prision mayor shall carry with it that of temporary absolute disqualification and that of perpetual special disqualification from the right of suffrage which the offender shall suffer although pardoned as to the principal penalty, unless the same shall have been expressly remitted in the pardon.

ART. 43. Prision correccional—Its accessory penalties.—The penalty of prision correccional shall carry with it that of suspension from public office, from the right to follow a profession or calling, and that of perpetual special disqualification from the right of suffrage, if the duration of said imprisonment shall exceed eighteen months. The offender shall suffer the disqualification provided in this article although pardoned as to the principal penalty, unless the same shall have been expressly remitted in the pardon.

ART. 44. Arresto—Its accessory penalties.—The penalty of arresto shall carry with it that of suspension of the right to hold office and the right of suffrage during the term of the sentence.

ART. 45. Confiscation and forfeiture of the proceeds or instruments of the crime.—Every penalty imposed for the  commission of a felony shall carry with it the forfeiture of the proceeds of the crime and the instruments or tools with which it was committed.

Such proceeds and instruments or tools shall be confiscated and forfeited in favor of the Government, unless they be the property of a third person not liable for the offense, but those articles which are not subject of lawful commerce shall be destroyed.

CHAPTER FOUR

APPLICATION OF PENALTIES

SECTION ONE.—Rules for the application of penalties to the persons criminally liable, criminally liable and for the graduation of the same
ART. 46. Penalty to be imposed upon principals in general.—The penalty prescribed by law for the commission of a felony shall be imposed upon the principals in the commission of such felony.

Whenever the law prescribes a penalty for a felony in general terms, it shall be understood as applicable to the consummated felony.

ART. 47. In what cases the death penalty shall not be imposed.—The death penalty shall be imposed in all cases  in which it must be imposed under existing laws, except in the following cases:

1. When the guilty person be more than seventy years of age.
   
   
2. When upon appeal or revision of the case by the Supreme Court, all the members thereof are not unanimous in their voting as to the propriety of the imposition of the death penalty. For the imposition of said penalty or for the confirmation of a judgment of the inferior court imposing the death sentence, the Supreme Court shall render its decision per curiam, which shall be signed by all justices of said court, unless some member or members thereof shall have become disqualified from taking part in the consideration of the case, in which event the unanimous vote and signature of only the remaining justices shall be required.

ART. 48. Penalty for complex crimes.—When a single act constitutes two or more crimes, or when an offense is a necessary means for committing the other, the penalty for the most serious crime shall be imposed, the same to be applied in its maximum period.

ART. 49. Penalty to be imposed upon the principals when the crime committed is different from that intended.—In cases in which the felony committed is different from that which the offender intended to commit, the following rules shall be observed:

1. If the penalty prescribed for the felony committed be higher than that corresponding to the offense which the accused intended to commit, the penalty corresponding to the latter shall be imposed in its maximum period.
   
   
2. If the penalty prescribed for the felony committed be lower than that corresponding to the one which the accused intended to commit, the penalty for the former shall be imposed in its maximum period.
   
   
3. The rule established by the next preceding paragraph shall not be applicable if the acts committed by the guilty person shall also constitute an attempt or frustration of another crime, if the law prescribes a higher penalty for either of the latter offenses, in which case the penalty provided for the attempt or the frustrated crime shall be imposed in its maximum period.

ART. 50. Penalty to be imposed upon principals of a frustrated crime.—The penalty next lower in degree than that prescribed by law for the consummated felony shall be imposed upon the principal in a frustrated felony.

ART. 51. Penalty to be imposed upon principals of attempted crimes.—A penalty lower by two degrees than that prescribed by law for the consummated felony shall be imposed upon the principals in an attempt to commit a felony.

ART. 52. Penalty to be imposed upon accomplices in a consummated crime.—The penalty next lower in degree than that prescribed by law for the consummated felony shall be imposed upon the accomplices in the commission of a consummated felony.

ART. 53. Penalty to be imposed upon accessories to the commission of a consummated felony.—The penalty lower by two degrees than that prescribed by law for the consummated felony shall be imposed upon the accessories to the commission of a consummated felony.

ART. 54. Penalty to be imposed upon accomplices in a frustrated crime.—The penalty next lower in degree than that prescribed by law for the frustrated felony shall be imposed upon the accomplices in the commission of a frustrated felony.

ART. 55. Penalty to be imposed upon accessories of a frustrated crime.—The penalty lower by two degrees than that prescribed by law for the frustrated felony shall be imposed upon the accessories to the commission of a frustrated felony.

ART. 56. Penalty to be imposed upon accomplices in an attempted crime.—The penalty next lower in degree than that prescribed by law for an attempt to commit a felony shall be imposed upon the accomplices in an attempt to commit the felony.

ART. 57. Penalty to be imposed upon accessories of an attempted crime.—The penalty lower by two degrees than that prescribed by law for the attempt shall be imposed upon the accessories to the attempt to commit a felony.

ART. 58. Additional penalty to be imposed upon certain accessories.—Those accessories falling within the terms of paragraph 3 of article 19 of this Code who should act with abuse of their public functions, shall suffer the additional penalty or absolute perpetual disqualification if the principal offender shall be guilty of a grave felony, and that of absolute temporary disqualification if he shall be guilty of a less grave felony.

ART. 59. Penalty to be imposed in case of failure to commit the crime because the means employed or the aims sought are impossible.—When the person intending to commit an offense has already performed the acts for the execution of the same but nevertheless the crime was not produced by reason of the fact that the act intended was by its nature one of impossible accomplishment or because the means employed by such person are essentially inadequate to produce the result desired by him, the court, having in mind the social danger and the degree of criminality shown by the offender, shall impose upon him the penalty of arresto mayor or a fine ranging from 200 to 500 pesos.

ART. 60. Exception to the rules established in articles 50 to 57.—The provisions contained in articles 50 to 57, inclusive, of this Code shall not be applicable to cases in which the law expressly prescribes the penalty provided for a frustrated or attempted felony, or to be imposed upon accomplices or accessories.

ART. 61. Rules for graduating penalties.—For the purpose of graduating the penalties which, according to the provisions of articles 50 to 57, inclusive, of this Code, are to be imposed upon persons guilty as principals of any frustrated or attempted felony, or as accomplices or accessories, the following rules shall be observed:

1. When the penalty prescribed for the felony is single and indivisible, the penalty next lower in degree shall be that immediately following that indivisible penalty in the scale prescribed in article 70 of this Code.
   
   
2. When the penalty prescribed for the crime is composed of two indivisible penalties, or of one or more divisible penalties to be imposed to their full extent, the penalty next lower in degree shall be that immediately following the lesser of the penalties prescribed in the above mentioned scale.
   
   
3. When the penalty prescribed for the crime is composed of one or two indivisible penalties and the maximum period of another divisible penalty, the penalty next lower in degree shall be composed of the medium and minimum periods of the proper divisible penalty and the maximum period of that immediately following in said scale.
   
   
4. When the penalty prescribed for the crime is composed of several periods, corresponding to different divisible penalties, the penalty next lower in degree shall be composed of the period immediately following the minimum prescribed, and of the two next following, which shall be taken from the penalty prescribed, if possible; otherwise, from the penalty immediately following in the above mentioned scale.

TABULATION OF THE PROVISIONS OF THIS CHAPTER
	Penalty prescribed for the crime	Penalty to be imposed upon the   principal in a frustrated crime, and the accomplice in a consummated crime	Penalty to be imposed upon the principal in an attempted crime, the accessory in the consummated crime, and the accomplices   in a frustrated crime	Penalty to be imposed upon the accessory in a frustrated crime, and the accomplices in an attempted crime	Penalty to be imposed upon the accessory in an attempted crime
First case	Death	Reclusion perpetua	Reclusion temporal	Prision mayor	Prision correccional
Second case	Reclusion perpetua to death.	Reclusion temporal.	Prision mayor.	Prision correccional.	Aresto mayor.
Third case	Reclusion temporal in its maximum period to death.	Prision mayor in its maximum period to reclusion temporal in its medium period.	Prision correccional in its maximum period to prision mayor in its medium period.	Arresto mayor in its maximum period to prision correccional in its medium period.	Fine and arresto mayor in its minimum and medium periods.
Fourth case	Prision mayor in its maximum period to reclusion temporal in its medium period.	Prision correccional in its maximum period to prision mayor in its medium period.	Arresto mayor in its maximum period to prision correccional in its medium period.	Fine and arresto mayor in its minimum and medium periods.	Fine.

5. When the law prescribes a penalty for a crime in some manner not specially provided for in the four preceding rules, the courts, proceeding by analogy, shall impose corresponding penalties upon those guilty as principals of the frustrated felony, or of attempt to commit the same, and upon accomplices and accessories.

SECTION TWO.—Rules for the application of penalties with regard to the mitigating and aggravating circumstances, and habitual delinquency

ART. 62. Effect of the attendance of mitigating or aggravating circumstances and of habitual delinquency.—Mitigating or aggravating circumstances and habitual delinquency shall be taken into account for the purpose of diminishing or increasing the penalty in conformity with the following rules:

1. Aggravating circumstances which in themselves constitute a crime specially punishable by law or which are included by the law in defining a crime and prescribing the penalty therefor shall not be taken into account for the purpose of increasing the penalty.
   
   
2. The same rule shall apply with respect to any aggravating circumstance inherent in the crime to such a degree that it must of necessity accompany the commission thereof.
   
   
3. Aggravating or mitigating circumstances which arise from the moral attributes of the offender, or from his private relations with the offended party, or from any other personal cause, shall only serve to aggravate or mitigate the liability of the principals, accomplices and accessories as to whom such circumstances are attendant.
   
   
4. The circumstances which consist in the material execution of the act, or in the means employed to accomplish it, shall serve to aggravate or mitigate the liability of those persons only who had knowledge of them at the time of the execution of the act or their cooperation therein.
   
   
5. Habitual delinquency shall have the following effects:
   
   
   1. Upon a third conviction the culprit shall be sentenced to the penalty provided by law for the last crime of which he be found guilty and to the additional penalty of prision correccional in its medium and maximum periods;
      
      
   2. Upon a fourth conviction the culprit shall be sentenced to the penalty provided for the last crime of which he be found guilty and to the additional penalty of prision mayor in its minimum and medium periods; and
      
      
   3. Upon a fifth or additional conviction, the culprit shall be sentenced to the penalty provided for the last crime of which he be found guilty and to the additional penalty of prision mayor in its maximum period to reclusion temporal in its minimum period.

Notwithstanding the provisions of this article, the total of the two penalties to be imposed upon the offender, in conformity herewith, shall in no case exceed 30 years.

For the purposes of this article, a person shall be deemed to be habitual delinquent, if within a period of ten years from the date of his release or last conviction of the crimes of robo, hurto, estafa, or falsification, he is found guilty of any of said crimes a third time or oftener.

ART. 63. Rules for the application of indivisible penalties.—In all cases in which the law prescribes a single indivisible penalty, it shall be applied by the courts regardless of any mitigating or aggravating circumstances that may have attended the commission of the deed.

In all cases in which the law prescribes a penalty composed of two indivisible penalties, the following rules shall be observed in the application thereof:

1. When in the commission of the deed there is present only one aggravating circumstance, the greater penalty shall be applied.
   
   
2. When there are neither mitigating nor aggravating circumstances in the commission of the deed, the lesser penalty shall be applied.
   
   
3. When the commission of the act is attended by some mitigating circumstance and there is no aggravating circumstance, the lesser penalty shall be applied.
   
   
4. When both mitigating and aggravating circumstances attended the commission of the act, the courts shall reasonably allow them to offset one another in consideration of their number and importance, for the purpose of applying the penalty in accordance with the preceding rules, according to the result of such compensation.

ART. 64. Rules for the application of penalties which contain three periods.—In cases in which the penalties prescribed by law contain three periods, whether it be a single divisible penalty or composed of three different penalties, each one of which forms a period in accordance with the provisions of articles 76 and 77, the courts shall observe for the application of the penalty the following rules, according to whether there are or are not mitigating or aggravating circumstances:

1. When there are neither aggravating nor mitigating circumstances, they shall impose the penalty prescribed by law in its medium period.
   
   
2. When only a mitigating circumstance is present in the commission of the act, they shall impose the penalty in its minimum period.
   
   
3. When only an aggravating circumstance is present in the commission of the act, they shall impose the penalty in its maximum period.
   
   
4. When both mitigating and aggravating circumstances are present, the court shall reasonably offset those of one class against the other according to their relative weight.
   
   
5. When there are two or more mitigating circumstances and no aggravating circumstances are present, the court shall impose the penalty next lower to that prescribed by law, in the period that it may deem applicable, according to the number and nature of such circumstances.
   
   
6. Whatever may be the number and nature of the aggravating circumstances, the courts shall not impose a greater penalty than that prescribed by law, in its maximum period.
   
   
7. Within the limits of each period, the courts shall determine the extent of the penalty according to the number and nature of the aggravating and mitigating circumstances and the greater or lesser extent of the evil produced by the crime.

ART. 65. Rule in cases in which the penalty is not composed of three periods.—In cases in which the penalty prescribed by law is not composed of three periods, the courts shall apply the rules contained in the foregoing article, dividing into three equal portions the time included in the penalty prescribed, and forming one period of each of the three portions.

ART. 66. Imposition of fines.—In imposing fines the courts may fix any amount within the limits established by law; in fixing the amount in each case attention shall be given, not only to the mitigating and aggravating circumstances, but more particularly to the wealth or means of the culprit.

ART. 67. Penalty to be imposed token not all the requisites of exemption of the fourth circumstance of article 12 are present.—When all the conditions required in circumstance number 4 of article 12 of this Code to exempt from criminal liability are not present, the penalty of arresto mayor in its maximum period to prision correccional in its minimum period shall be imposed upon the culprit if he shall have been guilty of a grave felony, and arresto mayor in its minimum and medium periods, if of a less grave felony.

ART. 68. Penalty to be imposed upon a person under eighteen years of age.—When the offender is a minor under eighteen years and his case is one coming under the provisions of the paragraph next to the last of article 80 of this Code, the following rules shall be observed:

1. Upon a person under fifteen but over nine years of age, who is not exempted from liability by reason of the court having declared that he acted with discernment, a discretionary penalty shall be imposed, but always lower by two degrees at least than that prescribed by law for the crime which he committed.
   
   
2. Upon a person over fifteen and under eighteen years of age the penalty next lower than that prescribed by law shall be imposed, but always in the proper period.

ART. 69. Penalty to be imposed when the crime committed is not wholly excusable.—A penalty lower by one or two degrees than that prescribed by law shall be imposed if the deed is not wholly excusable by reason of the lack of some of the conditions required to justify the same or to exempt from criminal liability in the several cases mentioned in articles 11 and 12, provided that the majority of such conditions be present. The courts shall impose the penalty in the period which may be deemed proper, in view of the number and nature of the conditions of exemption present or lacking.

ART. 70. Successive service of sentences; exception.—When the culprit has to serve two or more penalties, he shall serve them simultaneously if the nature of the penalties will so permit; otherwise, said penalties shall be executed successively, following the order of their respective severity, which shall be determined in accordance with the following scale:

1. Death.
   
   
2. Reclusion perpetua.
   
   
3. Reclusion temporal.
   
   
4. Prision mayor.
   
   
5. Prision correctional.
   
   
6. Arresto mayor.
   
   
7. Arresto menor.

A person sentenced to destierro who is also sentenced to the penalty of prision or arresto shall be required to serve these latter penalties before serving the penalty of destierro.

ART. 71. Fine.—The fine shall be considered as the last of all the principal penalties listed in the preceding article.

When a fine is so imposed, the duration of the subsidiary liability corresponding thereto, by reason of the insolvency of the offender, shall not exceed that which is provided in rule 2 of article 39.

ART. 72. Preference in the payment of the civil liabilities.—The civil liabilities of a person found guilty of two or more offenses shall be satisfied by following the chronological order of the dates of the final judgments rendered against him, beginning with the first in order of time.

SECTION THREE.—Provision common to the last two preceding sections 
ART. 73. Presumption in regard to the imposition of accessory penalties.—Whenever the courts shall impose a penalty which, by provision of law, carries with it other penalties, according to the provisions of articles 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, and 45 of this Code, it must be understood that the accessory penalties are also imposed upon the convict.

ART. 74. Penalty higher than reclusion perpetua in certain cases.—In cases in which the law prescribes a penalty higher than another given penalty, without specifically designating the name of the former, if such higher penalty should be that of death, the same penalty and the accessory penalties of article 40, shall be considered as the next higher penalty.

ART. 75. Increasing or reducing the penalty of fine by one or more degrees.—Whenever it may be necessary to increase or reduce the penalty of fine by one or more degrees, it shall be increased or reduced, respectively, for each degree, by one-fourth of the maximum amount prescribed by law, without, however, changing the minimum.

The same rules shall be observed with regard to fines that do not consist of a fixed amount, but are made proportional.

ART. 76. Legal period of duration of divisible penalties.—The legal period of duration of divisible penalties shall be considered as divided into three parts, forming three periods, the minimum, the medium, and the maximum in the manner shown in the following table:

TABLE SHOWING THE DURATION OF DIVISIBLE PENALTIES AND THE TIME INCLUDED IN EACH OF THEIR PERIODS
Penalties	Time included in the penalty in its entirety	Time included in its minimum period	Time included in its medium period	Time included in its maximum period
Reclusion temporal	From 12 years and 1 day to 20 years.	From 12 years and 1 day to 14 years and 8 months.	From 14 years, 8 months and 1 day to 17 years and 4 months	From 17 years, 4 months and 1 day to 20 years.
Prision mayor, absolute disqualification and special temporary disqualification.	From 6 years and 1 From 6 years and day to 12 years.	From 6 years and 1 day to 8 years.	From 8 years and 1 day to 10 years.	From 10 years and 1 day to 12 years.
Prision correccional, suspension and destierro	From 6 months and 1 day to 6 years.	From 6 months and 1 day to 2 years and 4 months.	From 2 years, 4 months and 1 day to 4 years and 2 months.	From 4 years, 2 months and 1 day to 6 years.
Arresto mayor	From 1 month and 1 day to 6 months.	From 1 to 2 months.	From 2 months and 1 day to 4 months.	From 4 months and 1 day to 6 months.
Arresto menor	From 1 to 30 days.	From 1 to 10 days.	From 11 to 20 days.	From 21 to 30 days.

ART. 77. When the penalty is a complex one composed of three distinct penalties.—In cases in which the law prescribes a penalty composed of three distinct penalties, each one shall form a period; the lightest of them shall be the minimum, the next the medium, and the most severe the maximum period.

Whenever the penalty prescribed does not have one of the forms specially provided for in this book, the periods shall be distributed, applying by analogy the prescribed rules.

CHAPTER FIVE

EXECUTION AND SERVICE OF PENALTIES

SECTION ONE.—General provisions
ART. 78. When and how a penalty is to be executed.—No penalty shall be executed except by virtue of a final judgment.

A penalty shall not be executed in any other form than that prescribed by law, nor with any other circumstances or incidents than those expressly authorized thereby.

In addition to the provisions of the law, the special regulations prescribed for the government of the institutions in which the penalties are to be suffered shall be observed with regard to the character of the work to be performed, the time of its performance, and other incidents connected therewith, the relations of the convicts among themselves and other persons, the relief which they may receive, and their diet.

The regulations shall make provision for the separation of the sexes in different institutions, or at least into different departments, and also for the correction and reform of the convicts.

ART. 79. Suspension of the execution and service of the penalties in case of insanity.—When a convict shall become insane or an imbecile after final sentence has been pronounced, the execution of said sentence shall be suspended only with regard to the personal penalty, the provisions of the second paragraph of circumstance number 1 of article 12 being observed in the corresponding cases.

If at any time the convict shall recover his reason, his sentence shall be executed, unless the penalty shall have prescribed in accordance with the provisions of this Code.

The respective provisions of this section shall also be observed if the insanity or imbecility occurs while the convict is serving his sentence.

ART. 80. Suspension of sentence of minor delinquents.—Whenever a minor under eighteen years of age, of either sex, be accused of a crime, the court, after hearing the evidence in the proper proceedings, instead of pronouncing judgment, shall suspend all further proceedings and shall I commit such minor to the custody or care of a public or private, benevolent or charitable institution, established under the law for the care, correction or education of orphaned, homeless, defective and delinquent children, or to the custody or care of any other responsible person in any other place subject to visitation and supervision by the Public Welfare Commissioner or any of his agents or representatives, if there be any, or otherwise by the superintendent of public schools or his representatives, subject to such conditions as are prescribed hereinbelow, until such minor shall have reached his majority or for such less period as the court may deem proper.

The court, in committing said minor as provided above, shall take into consideration the religion of such minor, his parents or next of kin, in order to avoid his commitment to any private institution not under the control and supervision of the religious sect or denomination to which they belong.

The Public Welfare Commissioner or his duly authorized representatives or agents, the superintendent of public schools or his representatives, or the person to whose custody or care the minor has been committed, shall submit to the Court every two months or as often as required, a written report on the good or bad conduct of said minor and the moral and intellectual progress made by him.

The suspension of the proceedings against a minor may be extended or shortened by the court on the recommendation of the Public Welfare Commissioner or his authorized representatives or agents, or the superintendent of public schools or his representatives, according as to whether the conduct of such minor has been good or not and whether he has complied with the conditions imposed upon him. The provisions of the first paragraph of this article shall not, however, be affected by those contained herein.

If the minor has been committed to the custody or care of any of the institutions mentioned in the first paragraph of this article, with the approval of the Public Welfare Commissioner and subject to such conditions as this official in accordance with the law may deem proper to impose, such minor may be allowed to stay elsewhere under the care of a responsible person.

If the minor has behaved properly and has complied with the conditions imposed upon him during his confinement, in accordance with the provisions of this article, he shall be returned to the court in order that the same may order his final release.

In case the minor fails to behave properly or to comply with the regulations of the institution to which he has been committed or with the conditions imposed upon him when he was committed to the care of a responsible person, or in case he should be found incorregible or his continued stay in such institution should be inadvisable, he shall be returned to the court in order that the same may render the judgment corresponding to the crime committed by htm.

The expenses for the maintenance of a minor delinquent confined in the institution to which he has been committed, shall be borne totally or partially by his parents or relatives or those persons liable to support him, if they are able to do so, in the discretion of the court.

SECTION TWO.—Execution of principal penalties
ART. 81. When and how the death penalty is to be executed.—The death sentence shall be executed with preference to any other and shall consist in putting the person under sentence to death by electrocution. The death sentence shall be executed under the authority of the Director of Prisons, endeavoring so far as possible to mitigate the sufferings of the person under sentence during electrocution as well as during the proceedings prior to the execution.

If the person under sentence so desire, he shall be anaesthetized at the moment of the electrocution.

ART. 82. Notification and execution of the sentence and assistance to the culprit.—The court shall designate a working day for the execution, but not the hour thereof; and such designation shall not be communicated to the offender before sunrise of said day, and the execution shall not take place until after the expiration of at least eight hours following the notification, but before sunset. During the interval between the notification and the execution, the culprit shall, in so far as possible, be furnished such assistance as he may request in order to be attended in his last moments by priests or ministers of the religion he professes and to consult lawyers, as well as in order to make a will and confer with members of his family or persons in charge of the management of his business, of the administration of his property, or of the care of his descendants.

ART. 83. Suspension of the execution of the death sentence.—The death sentence shall not be inflicted upon a woman within the three years next following the date of the sentence or while she is pregnant, nor upon any person over seventy years of age. In this last case, the death sentence shall be commuted to the penalty of reclusion perpetua with the accessory penalties provided in article 40.

ART. 84. Place of execution and persons who may witness the same.—The execution shall take place in the penitentiary of Bilibid in a space closed to the public view and shall be witnessed only by the priests assisting the offender and by his lawyers and by his relatives, not exceeding six, if he so request, by the physician and the necessary personnel of the penal establishment, and by such persons as the Director of Prisons may authorized.

ART. 85. Provision relative to the corpse of the person executed and its burial.—Unless claimed by his family, the corpse of the culprit shall, upon the completion of the legal proceedings subsequent to the execution, be turned over to the institute of learning or scientific research first applying for it, for the purpose of study and investigation, provided that such institute shall take charge of the decent burial of the remains. Otherwise, the Director of Prisons shall order the burial of the body of the culprit at government expense, granting permission to be present thereat to the members of the family of the culprit and the friends of the latter. In no case shall the burial of the body of a person sentenced to death be held with pomp.

ART. 86. Reclusion perpetua, reclusion temporal, prision mayor, prision correccional and arresto mayor.—The penalties of reclusion perpetua, reclusion temporal, prision mayor, prision correccional, and arresto mayor, shall be executed and served in the places and penal establishments provided by the Administrative Code in force or which may be provided by law in the future.

ART. 87. Destierro.—Any person sentenced to destierro shall not be permitted to enter the place or places designated in the sentence, nor within the radius therein specified, which shall be not more than 250 and not less than 25 kilometers from the place designated.

ART. 88. Arresto menor.—The penalty of arresto menor shall be served in the municipal jail, or in the house of the defendant himself under the surveillance of an officer of the law, when the court so provides in its decision, taking into consideration the health of the offender and other reasons which may seem satisfactory to it.

TITLE FOUR

EXTINCTION OF CRIMINAL LIABILITY AND OF CIVIL LIABILITY RESULTING FROM CRIME

CHAPTER ONE

EXTINCTION OF CRIMINAL LIABILITY

SECTION ONE.—Total extinction of criminal liability
ART. 89. How criminal liability is totally extinguished.—Criminal liability is totally extinguished:

1. By the death of the convict, as to the personal penalties; and as to pecuniary penalties, liability therefor is extinguished only when the death of the offender occurs before final judgment.
   
   
2. By service of the sentence.
   
   
3. By amnesty, which completely extinguishes the penalty and all its effects.
   
   
4. By absolute pardon.
   
   
5. By prescription of the crime.
   
   
6. By prescription of the penalty.
   
   
7. By the marriage of the offended woman, as provided in article 344 of this Code.

ART. 90. Prescription of crimes.—Crimes punishable by death, reclusion perpetua or reclusion temporal shall prescribe in twenty years.

Crimes punishable by other afflictive penalties shall prescribe in fifteen years.

Those punishable by a correctional penalty shall prescribe in ten years; with the exception of those punishable by arresto mayor, which shall prescribe in five years.

The crime of libel or other similar offenses shall prescribe in two years.

The offenses of oral defamation and slander by deed shall prescribe in six months.

Light offenses prescribe in two months.

When the penalty fixed by law is a compound one the highest penalty shall be made the basis of the application of the rules contained in the first, second and third paragraphs of this article.

ART. 91. Computation of prescription of offenses.—The period of prescription shall commence to run from the day on which the crime is discovered by the offended party, the authorities or their agents, and shall be interrupted by the filing of the complaint or information, and shall commence to run again when such proceedings terminate without the accused being convicted or acquitted, or are unjustifiably stopped for any reason not imputable to him.

The term of prescription shall not run when the offender is absent from the Philippine Archipelago.

ART. 92. When and how penalties prescribe.—The penalties imposed by final sentence prescribe as follows:

1. Death and reclusion perpetua, in twenty years;
   
   
2. Other afflictive penalties, in fifteen years;
   
   
3. Correctional penalties, in ten years; with the exception of the penalty of arresto mayor, which prescribes in five years;
   
   
4. Light penalties, in one year.

ART. 93. Computation of the prescription of penalties.—The period of prescription of penalties shall commence to run from the date when the culprit should evade the service of his sentence, and it shall be interrupted if the defendant should give himself up, be captured, should go to some foreign country with which this Government has no extradition treaty, or should commit another crime before the expiration of the period of prescription.

SECTION TWO.—Partial extinction of criminal liability

ART. 94. Partial extinction of criminal liability.—Criminal liability is extinguished partially:

1. By conditional pardon;
   
   
2. By commutation of the sentence; and
   
   
3. For good conduct allowances which the culprit may earn while he is serving his sentence.

ART. 95. Obligation incurred by person granted conditional pardon.—Any person who has been granted conditional pardon, tional pardon shall incur the obligation of complying strictly with the conditions imposed therein; otherwise, his non-compliance with any of the conditions specified shall result in the revocation of the pardon and the provisions of article 159 shall be applied to him.

ART. 96. Effect of commutation of sentence.—The commutation of the original sentence for another of a different length and nature shall have the legal effect of substituting the latter in the place of the former.

Art. 97. Allowance for good conduct.—The good conduct of any prisoner in any penal institution shall entitle him to the following deductions from the period of his sentence:

1. During the first two years of his imprisonment he shall be allowed a deduction of five days for each month of good behavior;
   
   
2. During the third to the fifth year, inclusive, of his imprisonment, he shall be allowed a deduction of eight days for each month of good behavior;
   
   
3. During the following years until the tenth year, inclusive, of his imprisonment, he shall be allowed a deduction of ten days for each month of good behavior; and
   
   
4. During the eleventh and successive years of his imprisonment, he shall be allowed a deduction of fifteen days for each month of good behavior.

ART. 98. Special time allowance for loyalty.—A deduction of one-fifth of the period of his sentence shall be granted to any prisoner who, having evaded the service of his sentence under the circumstances mentioned in article 158 of this Code, gives himself up to the authorities within 48 hours following the issuance of a proclamation announcing the passing away of the calamity or catastrophe referred to in said article.

ART. 99. Who grants time allowances.—Whenever lawfully justified the Director of Prisons shall grant allowances for good conduct. Such allowances once granted shall not be revoked.

TITLE FIVE

CIVIL LIABILITY

CHAPTER ONE

PERSONS CIVILLY LIABLE FOR FELONIES

ART. 100. Civil liability of person guilty of felony.—Every person criminally liable for a felony is also civilly liable.

ART. 101. Rules regarding civil liability in certain cases.—The exemption from criminal liability established in subdivisions 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6 of article 12 and in subdivision 4 of article 11 of this Code does not include exemption from civil liability, which shall be enforced subject to the following rules:

First. In cases of subdivisions 1, 2, and 3 of article 12 the civil liability for acts committed by an imbecile or insane person, and by a person under nine years of age, or by one over nine but under fifteen years of age, who has acted without discernment, shall devolve upon those having such person under their legal authority or control, unless it appears that there was no fault or negligence on their part.

Should there be no person having such insane, imbecile or minor under his authority, legal guardianship, or control, or if such person be insolvent, said insane, imbecile, or minor shall respond with their own property, excepting property exempt from execution, in accordance with the civil law.

Second. In cases falling within subdivision 4 of article 11, the persons for whose benefit the harm has been prevented shall be civilly liable in proportion to the benefit which they may have received.

The courts shall determine, in their sound discretion, the proportionate amount for which each one shall be liable.

When the respective shares can not be equitably determined, even approximately, or when the liability also attaches to the Government, or to the majority of the inhabitants of the town, and, in all events, whenever the damage has been caused with the consent of the authorities or their agents, indemnification shall be made in the manner prescribed by special laws or regulations.

Third. In cases falling within subdivisions 5 and 6 of article 12, the persons using violence or causing the fear shall be primarily liable and secondarily, or, if there be no such persons, those doing the act shall be liable, saving always to the latter that part of their property exempt from execution.

ART. 102. Subsidiary civil liability of innkeepers, tavernkeepers and proprietors of establishments.—In default of the persons criminally liable, innkeepers, tavernkeepers, and any other persons or corporations shall be civilly liable for crimes committed in their establishments, in all cases where a violation of municipal ordinances or some general or special police regulation shall have been committed by them or their employees.

Innkeepers are also subsidiarily liable for the restitution of goods taken by robbery or theft within their houses from guests lodging therein, or for the payment of the value thereof, provided that such guests shall have notified in advance the innkeeper himself, or the person representing him, of the deposit of such goods within the inn; and shall furthermore have followed the directions which such innkeeper or his representative may have given them with respect to the care of and vigilance over such goods. No liability shall attach in case of robbery with violence against or intimidation of persons unless committed by the innkeeper's employees.

ART. 103. Subsidiary civil liability of other persons.—The subsidiary liability established in the next preceding article shall also apply to employers, teachers, persons, and corporations engaged in any kind of industry for felonies committed by their servants, pupils, workmen, apprentices, or employees in the discharge of their duties.

CHAPTER TWO

WHAT CIVIL LIABILITY INCLUDES
ART. 104. What is included in civil liability.—The civil liability established in articles 100, 101, 102, and 103, of this Code includes:

1. Restitution;
   
   
2. Reparation of the damage caused;
   
   
3. Indemnification for consequential damages.

ART. 105. Restitution—How made.—The restitution of the thing itself must be made whenever possible, with allowance for any deterioration or diminution of value as determined by the court.

The thing itself shall be restored, even though it be found in the possession of a third person who has acquired it by lawful means, saving to the latter his action against the proper person who may be liable to him.

This provision is not applicable in cases in which the thing has been acquired by the third person in the manner and under the requirements which, by law, bar an action for its recovery.

ART. 106. Reparation—How made.—The court shall determine the amount of damage, taking into consideration the price of the thing, whenever possible, and its special sentimental value to the injured party, and reparation shall be made accordingly.

ART. 107. Indemnification—What is included.—Indemnification for consequential damages shall include not only those caused the injured party, but also those suffered by his family or by a third person by reason of the crime.

ART. 108. Obligation to make restoration, reparation for damages, or indemnification for consequential damages and action to demand the same—Upon whom it devolves.—The obligation to make restoration or reparation for damages and indemnification for consequential damages devolves upon the heirs of the person liable.

The action to demand restoration, reparation, and indemnification likewise descends to the heirs of the person injured.

ART. 109. Share of each person civilly liable.—If there are two or more persons civilly liable for a felony, the courts shall determine the amount for which each must respond.

ART. 110. Several and subsidiary liability of principals, accomplices, and accessories of a felony—Preference in payment.—Notwithstanding the provisions of the next preceding article, the principals, accomplices, and accessories, each within their respective class, shall be liable severally (in solidum) among themselves for their quotas, and subsidiarily for those of the other persons liable.

The subsidiary liability shall be enforced, first against the property of the principals; next, against that of the accomplices, and, lastly, against that of the accessories.

Whenever the liability in solidum or the subsidiary liability has been enforced, the person by whom payment has been made shall have a right of action against the others for the amount of their respective shares.

ART. 111. Obligation to make restitution in certain cases.—Any person who has participated gratuitously in the proceeds of a felony shall be bound to make restitution in an amount equivalent to the extent of such participation.

CHAPTER THREE

EXTINCTION AND SURVIVAL OF CIVIL LIABILITY

ART. 112. Extinction of civil liability.—Civil liability established in articles 100, 101, 102, and 103 of this Code shall be extinguished in the same manner as other obligations, in accordance with the provisions of the Civil Law.

ART. 113. Obligation to satisfy civil liability.—Except in case of extinction of his civil liability as provided in the next preceding article, the offender shall continue to be obliged to satisfy the civil liability resulting from the crime committed by him, notwithstanding the fact that he has served his sentence consisting of deprivation of liberty or other rights, or has not been required to serve the same by reason of amnesty, pardon, commutation of sentence, or any other reason.

BOOK TWO

CRIMES AND PENALTIES

TITLE ONE

CRIMES AGAINST NATIONAL SECURITY AND THE LAW OF NATIONS

CHAPTER ONE

CRIMES AGAINST NATIONAL SECURITY

SECTION ONE.—Treason and espionage

ART. 114. Treason.—Any person who, owing allegiance to the United States or the Government of the Philippine Islands, not being a foreigner, levies war against them or adheres to their enemies, giving them aid or comfort within the Philippine Islands or elsewhere, shall be punished by reclusion temporal to death and shall pay a fine not to exceed 20,000 pesos.

No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses at least to the same overt act or on confession of the accused in open court.

ART. 115. Conspiracy and proposal to commit treason—Penalty.—The conspiracy or proposal to commit the crime treason. to commit of treason shall be punished respectively, by prision mayor and a fine not exceeding 10,000 pesos, and by prision correccional and a fine not exceeding 5,000 pesos.

ART. 116. Misprision of treason.—Every person owing allegiance to the United States or the Government of the Philippine Islands, without being a foreigner, and having knowledge of any conspiracy against them, who conceals or does not disclose and make known the same, as soon as possible to the governor or fiscal of the province, or the mayor or fiscal of the city in which he resides, as the case may be, shall be punished as an accessory to the crime of treason.

ART. 117. Espionage.—The penalty of prision correccional shall be inflicted upon any person who:

1. Without authority therefor, enter a warship, fort or naval or military establishment or reservation to obtain any information, plans, photographs or other data of a confidential nature relative to the defence of the Philippine Archipelago; or
   
   
2. Being in possession, by reason of the public office he holds, of the articles, data or information referred to in the preceding paragraph, discloses their contents to a representative of a foreign nation.

The penalty next higher in degree shall be imposed if the offender be a public officer or employee.

SECTION TWO.—Provoking war and disloyalty in case of war

ART. 118. Inciting to war or giving motives for reprisals.—The penalty of reclusion temporal shall be imposed upon any public officer or employee, and that of prision mayor upon any private individual, who, by unlawful or unauthorized acts provokes or gives occasion for a war involving or liable to involve the Philippine Islands or exposes Filipino citizens to reprisals on their persons or property.

ART. 119. Violation of neutrality.—The penalty of prision correccional shall be inflicted upon anyone who, on the occasion of a war in which the Government is not involved, violates any regulation issued by competent authority for the purpose of enforcing neutrality.

ART. 120. Correspondence with hostile country.—Any person, who in time of war, shall have correspondence with an enemy country or territory occupied by enemy troops shall be punished:

1. By prision correccional, if the correspondence has been prohibited by the Government;
   
   
2. By prision mayor, if such correspondence be carried on in ciphers or conventional signs; and
   
   
3. By reclusion temporal, if notice or information be given thereby which might be useful to the enemy. If the offender intended to aid the enemy by giving such notice or information he shall suffer the penalty of reclusion temporal to death.

ART. 121. Flight to enemy's country.—The penalty of arresto mayor shall be inflicted upon any person who, owing allegiance to the Government, attempts to flee or go to an enemy country when prohibited by competent authority.

SECTION THREE.—Piracy and mutiny on the high seas

ART. 122. Piracy in general and mutiny on the high seas.—The penalty of reclusion temporal shall be inflicted upon any person who, on the high seas, shall attack or seize a vessel or, not being a member of its complement nor a passenger, shall seize the whole or part of the cargo of said vessel, its equipment or personal belongings of its complement or passengers.

The same penalty shall be inflicted in case of mutiny on the high seas.

ART. 123. Qualified piracy.—The penalty of reclusion temporal to death shall be imposed upon those who commit any of the crimes referred to in the preceding article, under any of the following circumstances:

1. Whenever they have seized a vessel by boarding or firing upon the same;
   
   
2. Whenever the pirates have abandoned their victims without means of saving themselves; or
   
   
3. Whenever the crime is accompanied by murder, homicide, physical injuries, or rape.

TITLE TWO

CRIMES AGAINST THE FUNDAMENTAL LAWS OF THE STATE

CHAPTER ONE

ARBITRARY DETENTION OR EXPULSION, VIOLATION OF DWELLING, PROHIBITION, INTERRUPTION, AND DISSOLUTION OF PEACEFUL MEETINGS AND CRIMES AGAINST RELIGIOUS WORSHIP.

SECTION ONE.—Arbitrary detention and expulsion

ART. 124. Arbitrary detention.—Any public officer or employee who, without legal grounds, detains a person, shall suffer:

1. The penalty of arresto mayor in its maximum period to prision correccional in its minimum period, if the detention has not exceeded three days;
   
   
2. The penalty of prision correccional in its medium and maximum periods, if the detention has continued more than three but not more than fifteen days;
   
   
3. The penalty of prision mayor, if the detention has continued for more than fifteen days but not more than six months; and
   
   
4. That of reclusion temporal, if the detention shall have exceeded six months.

The commission of a crime, or violent insanity or any other ailment requiring the compulsory confinement of the patient in a hospital, shall be considered legal grounds for the detention of any person.

ART. 125. Delay in the delivery of detained persons to the proper judicial authorities.—The penalties provided in the next preceding article shall be imposed upon the public officer or employee who shall detain any person for some legal ground and shall fail to deliver such person to the proper judicial authorities within the period of one hour.

ART. 126. Delaying release.—The penalties provided for in article 124 shall be imposed upon any public officer or employee who delays for the period of time specified therein the performance of any judicial or executive order for the release of a prisoner or detention prisoner, or unduly delays the service of the notice of such order to said prisoner or the proceedings upon any petition for the liberation of such person.

ART. 127. Expulsion.—The penalty of prision correccional shall be imposed upon any public officer or employee who, not being thereunto authorized by law, shall expel any person from the Philippine Islands or shall compel such person to change his residence.

SECTION TWO.—Violation of domicile

ART. 128. Violation of domicile.—The penalty of prision correccional in its minimum period shall be imposed upon any public officer or employee who, not being authorized by judicial order, shall enter any dwelling against the will of the owner thereof, search papers or other effects found therein without the previous consent of such owner, or, having surreptitiously entered said dwelling, and being required to leave the premises, shall refuse to do so.

If the offense be committed in the night-time, or if any papers or effects not constituting evidence of a crime be not returned immediately after the search made by the offender, the penalty shall be prision correctional in its medium and maximum periods.

ART. 129. Search warrants maliciously obtained and abuse in the service of those legally obtained.—In addition to the liability attaching to the offender for the commission of any other offense, the penalty of arresto mayor in its maximum period to prision correccional in its minimum period and a fine not exceeding 1,000 pesos shall be imposed upon any public officer or employee who shall procure a search warrant without just cause, or, having legally procured the same, shall exceed his authority or use unnecessary severity in executing the same.

ART. 130. Searching domicile ivithout witnesses.—The penalty of arresto mayor in its medium and maximum periods shall be imposed upon a public officer or employee who, in cases where a search is proper, shall search the domicile, papers or other belongings of any person, in the absence of the latter, any member of his family, or in their default, without the presence of two witnesses residing in the same locality.

SECTION THREE.—Prohibition, interruption, and dissolution of peaceful meetings

ART. 131. Prohibition, interruption, and dissolution of peaceful meetings.—The penalty of prision correccional in its minimum period shall be imposed upon any public officer or employee who, without legal ground, shall prohibit or interrupt the holding of a peaceful meeting, or shall dissolve the same.

The same penalty shall be imposed upon a public officer or employee who shall hinder any person from joining any lawful association or from attending any of its meetings.

The same penalty shall be imposed upon any public officer or employee who shall prohibit or hinder any person from addressing, either alone or together with others, any petition to the authorities for the correction of abuses or redress of grievances.

SECTION FOUR.—Crimes against religious worship
ART. 132. Interruption of religious worship.—The penalty of prision correccional in its minimum period shall be imposed upon any public officer or employee who shall prevent or disturb the ceremonies or manifestations of any religion.

If the crime shall have been committed with violence or threats, the penalty shall be prision correccional in its medium and maximum periods.

ART. 133. Offending the religious feelings.—The penalty of arresto mayor in its maximum period to prision correccional in its minimum period shall be imposed upon anyone who, in a place devoted to religious worship or during the celebration of any religious ceremony shall perform acts notoriously offensive to the feelings of the faithful.

TITLE THREE

CRIMES AGAINST PUBLIC ORDER

CHAPTER ONE

REBELLION, SEDITION AND DISLOYALTY

ART. 134. Rebellion or insurrection—How committed.—The crime of rebellion or insurrection is committed by rising publicly and taking arms against the Government for the purpose of removing from the allegiance to said Government or its laws, the territory of the Philippine Islands or any part thereof of any body of land, naval or other armed forces, or of depriving the Chief Executive or the Legislature, wholly or partially, of any of their powers or prerogatives.

ART. 135. Penalty for rebellion or insurrection.—Any person who promotes, maintains, or heads a rebellion or insurrection, or who, while holding any public office or employment takes part therein, engaging in war against the forces of the Government, destroying property or committing serious violence, exacting contributions or diverting public funds from the lawful purpose for which they have been appropriated, shall suffer the penalty of prision mayor and a fine not to exceed 20,000 pesos.

Any person merely participating or executing the commands of others in a rebellion shall suffer the penalty of prision mayor in its minimum period.

When the rebellion or insurrection shall be under the command of unknown leaders, any person who in fact directed the others, spoke for them, signed receipts and other documents issued in their name, or performed similar acts, on behalf of the rebels shall be deemed the leader of such rebellion.

ART. 136. Conspiracy and proposal to commit rebellion or insurrection.—The conspiracy and proposal to commit rebellion or insurrection shall be punished, respectively, by prision correccional in its maximum period and a fine which shall not exceed 5,000 pesos, and by prision correccional in its medium period and a fine not exceeding 2,000 pesos.

ART. 137. Disloyalty of public officers or employees.—The penalty of prision correccional in its minimum period shall be imposed upon public officers or employees who have failed to resist a rebellion by all the means in their power, or shall continue to discharge the duties of their offices under the control of the rebels or shall accept appointment to office under them.

ART. 138. Inciting to rebellion or insurrection.—The penalty of prision mayor in its minimum period shall be imposed upon any person who, without taking arms or being in open hostility against the Government, shall incite others to the execution of any of the acts specified in article 134 of this Code, by means of speeches, proclamations, writings, emblems, banners or other representations tending to the same end.

Art. 139. Sedition—How committed.—The crime of sedition, is committed by persons who rise publicly and tumultuously in order to attain by force any of the following objects:

1. To prevent the promulgation or execution of any law or the holding of any popular election;
   
   
2. To prevent the Insular Government, or any provincial or municipal government or any public officer thereof from freely exercising its or his functions, or prevent the execution of any administrative order;
   
   
3. To inflict any act of hate or revenge upon the person or property of any public officer or employee;
   
   
4. To commit, for any political or social end, any act of hate or revenge against private persons or any social class; and
   
   
5. To despoil, for any political or social end, any person, municipality or province, or the Insular Government or the Government of the United States, of all its property or any part thereof.

ART. 140. Penalty for sedition.—The leader of a sedition shall suffer the penalty of prision mayor in its minimum period and a fine not exceeding 10,000 pesos.

Other persons participating therein shall suffer the penalty of prision correccional in its maximum period and a fine not exceeding 5,000 pesos.

ART. 141. Conspiracy to commit sedition.—Persons conspiring to commit the crime of sedition shall be punished by prision correctional in its medium period and a fine not exceeding 2,000 pesos.

ART. 142. Inciting to sedition.—The penalty of prision correccional in its maximum period and a fine not exceeding 2,000 pesos shall be imposed upon any person who, without taking any direct part in the crime of sedition, should incite others to the accomplishment of any of the acts which constitute sedition, by means of speeches, proclamations, writings, emblems, cartoons, banners, or other representations tending to the same end.

CHAPTER TWO

CRIMES AGAINST POPULAR REPRESENTATION

SECTION ONE.—Crimes against legislative bodies and similar bodies
ART. 143. Acts tending to prevent the meeting of the Legislature and similar bodies.—The penalty of prision correccional or a fine ranging from 200 to 2,000 pesos, or both, shall be imposed upon any person who by force or fraud prevents the meeting of either of the Houses of the Legislature or of any provincial board or municipal council.

ART. 144. Disturbance of proceedings.—The penalty of arresto mayor or a fine ranging from 200 to 1,000 pesos shall be imposed upon any person who disturbs the meetings of either of the Houses of the Legislature or of any provincial board or municipal council, or in the presence of any such bodies should behave in such manner as to interrupt its proceedings or to impair the respect due to it.

SECTION TWO.—Violation of parliamentary immunity

ART. 145. Violation of parliamentary immunity.—The penalty of prision mayor shall be imposed upon any person who shall use force, intimidation, threats, or fraud to prevent any member of either House of the Legislature from attending the meetings thereof, from expressing his opinions or casting his vote; and the penalty of prision correccional shall be imposed upon any public officer or employee who shall, while the Legislature is in session, knowingly arrest or search any member thereof, except in case such member has committed a crime punishable under this Code by a penalty higher than prision mayor.

CHAPTER THREE

ILLEGAL ASSEMBLIES AND ASSOCIATIONS

ART. 146. Illegal assemblies.—The penalty of prision correccional in its minimum and medium periods and a fine not exceeding 1,000 pesos shall be imposed upon the organizers or leaders of any meeting attended by armed persons for the purpose of committing any of the crimes punishable under this Code, or of any meeting in which the audience is incited to the commission of the crime of treason, rebellion or insurrection, sedition, or assault upon a person in authority or his agents. Persons merely present at such meetings shall suffer the penalty of arresto mayor.

ART. 147. Illegal associations.—The penalty of prision correccional in its minimum and medium periods and a fine not exceeding 1,000 pesos shall be imposed upon the founders, directors, and presidents of associations totally or partially organized for the purpose of committing any of the crimes punishable under this Code or for some purpose contrary to public morals. Mere members of said associations shall suffer the penalty of arresto mayor.

CHAPTER FOUR

ASSAULT UPON, AND RESISTANCE AND DISOBEDIENCE TO PERSONS IN AUTHORITY AND THEIR AGENTS

ART. 148. Direct assaults.—Any person or persons who, direct assaults, without a public uprising, shall employ force or intimidation for the attainment of any of the purposes enumerated in defining the crimes of rebellion and sedition, or shall attack, employ force or seriously intimidate or resist any person in authority or any of his agents, while engaged in the performance of official duties, or on occasion of such performance, shall suffer the penalty of prision correccional in its medium and maximum periods and a fine not exceeding 1,000 pesos, when the assault is committed with a weapon or when the offender is a public officer or employee, or when the offender lays hands upon a person in authority. If none of these circumstances be present the penalty of prision correccional in its minimum period and a fine not exceeding 500 pesos shall be imposed.

ART. 149. Indirect assaults.—The penalty of prision correccional in its minimum and medium periods and a fine not exceeding 500 pesos shall be imposed upon any person who shall make use of force or intimidation upon any person coming to the aid of the authorities or their agents on occasion of the commission of any of the crimes defined in the next preceding article.

ART. 150. Disobedience to summons issued by a legislative body or committee, and refusal to testify before same.—The penalty of arresto mayor or a fine ranging from 200 mittee, and refusal to to 1,000 pesos, or both such fine and imprisonment, shall be imposed upon any person who, having been duly summoned to attend as a witness before either House of the Legislature, or before any committee thereof, refuses, without legal excuse, to obey such summons, or being present before any such body or committee refuses to be sworn or placed under affirmation or to answer any legal inquiry or to produce any books, papers, documents, or records in his possession, when required by them to do so in the exercise of their functions.

ART. 151. Resistance and disobedience to a person in authority or the agents of such person.—The penalty of arresto mayor and a fine not exceeding 500 pesos shall be imposed upon any person who not being included in the provisions of the preceding articles shall resist or seriously disobey any person in authority, or the agents of such person, while engaged in the performance of official duties.

When the disobedience to an agent of a person in authority is not of a serious nature the penalty of arresto menor or a fine ranging from 10 to 100 pesos shall be imposed upon the offender.

ART. 152. Person in authority—Who shall be deemed as such.—In applying the provisions of the preceding and other articles of this Code, any person directly vested with jurisdiction, whether as an individual or as a member of some court or governmental corporation, board or commission, shall be deemed a person in authority.

CHAPTER FIVE

PUBLIC DISORDERS

ART. 153. Tumults and other disturbances of public order—Tumultuous disturbance or interruption liable to cause disturbance.—The penalty of arresto mayor in its medium period to prision correccional in its minimum period and a fine not exceeding 1,000 pesos shall be imposed upon any person who shall cause any serious disturbance in a public place, office, or establishments, or shall interrupt or disturb public performances, functions or gatherings, or peaceful meetings, if the act is not included in the provisions of articles 131 and 132.

The penalty next higher in degree shall be imposed upon persons causing any disturbance or interruption of a tumultuous character.

The disturbance or interruption shall be deemed to be tumultuous if caused by more than three persons who are armed or provided with means of violence.

The penalty of arresto mayor shall be imposed upon any person who in any meeting, association, or public place, shall make any outcry tending to incite rebellion or sedition or in such place shall display placards or emblems which provoke a disturbance of the public order.

The penalty of arresto menor and a fine not to exceed 200 pesos shall be imposed upon those persons who in violation of the provisions contained in the last clause of article 85 shall bury with pomp the body of a person who has been legally executed.

ART. 154. Unlawful use of means of publication.—The penalty of arresto mayor or a fine ranging from 200 to 1,000 pesos shall be imposed upon:

1. Any person who by means of printing, lithography, or any other means of publication, shall maliciously publish as news any false news which may endanger the public order or cause damage to the interest or credit of the State;
   
   
2. Any person who by the same means, shall encourage disobedience to the law or to the constituted authorities or praise, justify or extol any act punished by law;
   
   
3. Any person who shall maliciously publish any official resolution or document without proper authority, or before they have been published officially; or
   
   
4. Any person who shall print or publish books, pamphlets, periodicals, or leaflets which do not bear the real printer's name.

ART. 155. Alarms and scandals.—The penalty of arresto menor or fine not exceeding 200 pesos shall be imposed upon:

1. Any person who within any town or public place, shall discharge any firearm, rocket, firecracker, or other explosive calculated to cause alarm or danger;
   
   
2. Any person who shall instigate or take an active part in any charivari or other disorderly meeting offensive to another or prejudicial to public tranquility;
   
   
3. Any person who, while wandering about at night or while engaged in any other nocturnal amusements, shall disturb the public peace; or
   
   
4. Any person who while intoxicated or otherwise, shall cause any disturbance or scandal in public places, provided that the circumstances of the case shall not make the provisions of article 153 applicable.

ART. 156. Delivering prisoners from jails.—The penalty of arresto mayor in its maximum period to prision correccional in its minimum period shall be imposed upon any person who shall remove from any jail or penal establishment any person confined therein or shall help the escape of such person, by means of violence, intimidation, or bribery. If other means are used the penalty of arresto mayor shall be imposed.

If the escape of the prisoner shall take place outside of said establishments by taking the guards by surprise, the same penalties shall be imposed in their minimum period.

CHAPTER SIX

EVASION OF SERVICE OF SENTENCE

ART. 157. Evasion of service of sentence.—The penalty of prision correccional in its medium and maximum periods shall be imposed upon any convict who shall evade service of his sentence by escaping during the term of his imprisonment by reason of final judgment. However, if such evasion or escape shall have taken place by means of unlawful entry, by breaking doors, windows, grates, walls, roofs, or floors, or by using picklocks, false keys, disguise, deceit, violence or intimidation, or through connivance with other convicts or employees of the penal institution, the penalty shall be prision correccional in its maximum period.

ART. 158. Evasion of service of sentence on the occasion of disorders, conflagrations, earthquakes, or other calamities.—A convict who shall evade the service of his sentence, by leaving the penal institution where he shall have been confined, on the occasion of disorder resulting from a conflagration, earthquake, explosion, or similar catastrophe, or during a mutiny in which he has not participated, shall suffer an increase of one-fifth of the time still remaining to be served under the original sentence, which in no case shall exceed six months, if he shall fail to give himself up to the authorities within forty-eight hours following the issuance of a proclamation by the Chief Executive announcing the passing away of such calamity.

Convicts who, under the circumstances mentioned in the preceding paragraph, shall give themselves up to the authorities within the above mentioned period of 48 hours, shall be entitled to the deduction provided in article 98.

ART. 159. Other cases of evasion of service of sentence.—The penalty of prision correccional in its minimum period shall be imposed upon the convict who, having been granted conditional pardon by the Chief Executive, shall violate any of the conditions of such pardon. However, if the penalty remitted by the granting of such pardon be higher than six years, the convict shall then suffer the unexpired portion of his original sentence.

CHAPTER SEVEN

COMMISSION OF ANOTHER CRIME DURING SERVICE OF PENALTY IMPOSED FOR ANOTHER PREVIOUS OFFENSE

ART. 160. Commission of another crime during service of penalty imposed for another previous offense—Penalty.—Besides the provisions of rule 5 of article 62, any person who shall commit a felony after having been convicted by final judgment, before beginning to serve such sentence, or while serving the same, shall be punished by the maximum period of the penalty prescribed by law for the new felony.

Any convict of the class referred to in this article, who is not a habitual criminal, shall be pardoned at the age of seventy years if he shall have already served out his original sentence, or when he shall complete it after reaching said age, unless by reason of his conduct or other circumstances he shall not be worthy of such clemency.

TITLE FOUR

CRIMES AGAINST PUBLIC INTEREST

CHAPTER ONE

FORGERIES

SECTION ONE.—Forging the seal of the Government of the Philippine Islands, the signature or stamp of the Chief Executive
ART. 161. Counterfeiting the great seal of the Government of the Philippine Islands, forging the signature or stamp of the Chief Executive.—The penalty of reclusion temporal shall be imposed upon any person who shall forge the Great Seal of the Government of the Philippine Islands or the signature or stamp of the Chief Executive.

ART. 162. Using forged signature or counterfeit seal or stamp.—The penalty of prision mayor shall be imposed upon any person who shall knowingly make use of the counterfeit seal or forged signature or stamp mentioned in the preceding article.

SECTION TWO.—Counterfeiting coins

Art. 163. Making and importing and uttering false coins.—Any person who makes, imports, or utters false coins, in connivance with counterfeiters or importers, shall suffer:

1. Prision mayor in its minimum and medium periods and a fine not to exceed 10,000 pesos, if the counterfeited coin be gold or silver coin of the United States or of the Philippine Islands.
   
   
2. Prision correccional in its minimum and medium periods and a fine not to exceed 2,000 pesos, if the counterfeited coin be any of the minor coinage of the United States or of the Philippine Islands.
   
   
3. Prision correccional in its minimum period and a fine not to exceed 1,000 pesos, if the counterfeited coin be currency of a foreign country.

ART. 164. Mutilation of coins—Importation and utterance of mutilated coins.—The penalty of prision correccional in its minimum period and a fine not to exceed 2,000 pesos shall be imposed upon any person who shall mutilate coins of the legal currency of the United States or of the Philippine Islands or import or utter mutilated current coins, in connivance with mutilators or importers.

ART. 165. Selling of false or mutilated coin, without connivance.—Any person who knowingly, although without the connivance mentioned in the preceding articles, shall possess false or mutilated coin with intent to utter the same, or shall actually utter such coin, shall suffer a penalty lower by one degree than that prescribed in said articles.

SECTION THREE.—Forging treasury or bank notes, obligations and securities; importing and uttering false or forged notes, obligations and securities

ART. 166. Forging treasury or bank notes or other documents payable to bearer; importing, and uttering such false or forged notes and documents.—The forging or falsification of treasury or bank notes or certificates or other obligations and securities payable to bearer and the importation and uttering in connivance with forgers or importers of such false or forged obligations or notes, shall be punished as follows:

1. By reclusion temporal in its minimum period and a fine not to exceed 10,000 pesos, if the document which has been falsified, counterfeited, or altered is an obligation or security of the United States or of the Philippine Islands.
   
   The words "obligation or security of the United States or of the Philippine Islands" shall be held to mean all bonds, certificates of indebtedness, national bank notes, coupons, United States or Philippine Islands notes, treasury notes, fractional notes, certificates of deposit, bills, checks, or drafts for money, drawn by or upon authorized officers of the United States or of the Philippine Islands, and other representatives of value, of whatever denomination, which have been or may be issued under any act of the Congress of the United States or the Philippine Legislature.
   
   
2. By prision mayor in its maximum period and a fine not to exceed 5,000 pesos, if the falsified or altered document is a circulating note issued by any banking association duly authorized by law to issue the same.
   
   
3. By prision mayor in its medium period and a fine not to exceed 5,000 pesos, if the falsified or counterfeited document was issued by a foreign government.
   
   
4. By prision mayor in its minimum period and a fine not to exceed 2,000 pesos, when the forged or altered document is a circulating note or bill issued by a foreign bank duly authorized therefor.

ART. 167. Counterfeiting, importing and uttering instruments payable to bearer.—Any person who shall forge, import or utter, in connivance with the forgers or importers, any instrument payable to order or other document of credit not payable to bearer, shall suffer the penalties of prision correccional in its medium and maximum periods and a fine not exceeding 6,000 pesos.

ART. 168. Illegal possession and use of false treasury or bank notes and bank notes and other instruments of credit.—Unless the act be one of those coming under the provisions of any of the preceding articles, any person who shall knowingly use or have in his possession, with intent to use any of the false or falsified instruments referred to in this section, shall suffer the penalty next lower in degree than that prescribed in said articles.

ART. 169. How forgery is committed.—The forgery referred to in this section may be committed by any of the following means:

1. By giving to a treasury or bank note or any instrument payable to bearer or to order mentioned therein, the appearance of a true and genuine document.
   
   
2. By erasing, substituting, counterfeiting or altering by any means the figures, letters, words or signs contained therein.

SECTION FOUR.—Falsification of legislative, public, commercial, and private documents, and wireless, telegraph, and telephone messages

ART. 170. Falsification of legislative documents.—The penalty of prision correccional in its maximum period and a fine not exceeding 6,000 pesos shall be imposed upon any person who, without proper authority therefor alters any bill, resolution, or ordinance enacted or approved or pending approval by either House of the Legislature or any provincial board or municipal council.

ART. 171. Falsification by public officer, employee or notary or ecclesiastic minister.—The penalty of prision mayor and a fine not to exceed 5,000 pesos shall be imposed upon any public officer, employee, or notary who, taking advantage of his official position, shall falsify a document by committing any of the following acts:

1. Counterfeiting or imitating any handwriting, signature or rubric;
   
   
2. Causing it to appear that persons have participated in any act or proceeding when they did not in fact so participate;
   
   
3. Attributing to persons who have participated in an act or proceeding statements other than those in fact made by them;
   
   
4. Making untruthful statements in a narration of facts;
   
   
5. Altering true dates;
   
   
6. Making any alteration or intercalation in a genuine document which changes its meaning;
   
   
7. Issuing in authenticated form a document purporting to be a copy of an original document when no such original exists, or including in such copy a statement contrary to, or different from, that of the genuine original; or
   
   
8. Intercalating any instrument or note relative to the issuance thereof in a protocol, registry, or official book.

The same penalty shall be imposed upon any ecclesiastical minister who shall commit any of the offenses enumerated in the preceding paragraphs of this article, with respect to any record or document of such character that its falsification may affect the civil status of persons.

ART. 172. Falsification by private individuals and use of falsified documents.—The penalty of prision correccional in its medium and maximum periods and a fine of not more than 5,000 pesos shall be imposed upon:

1. Any private individual who shall commit any of the falsifications enumerated in the next preceding article in any public or official document or letter of exchange or any other kind of commercial document; and
   
   
2. Any person who, to the damage of a third party, or with the intent to cause such damage, shall in any private document commit any of the acts of falsification enumerated in the next preceding article.

Any person who shall knowingly introduce in evidence in any judicial proceeding or to the damage of another or who, with the intent to cause such damage, shall use any of the false documents embraced in the next preceding article or in any of the foregoing subdivisions of this article, shall be punished by the penalty next lower in degree.

ART. 173. Falsification of wireless, cable, telegraph and telephone messages, and use of said falsified messages.—The penalty of prision correccional in its medium and maximum periods shall be imposed upon any officer or employee of the Government or of any private corporation or concern engaged in the service of sending or receiving wireless, cable or telephone messages who utters a fictitious wireless, telegraph or telephone message of any system or falsifies the same.

Any person who shall use such falsified dispatch to the prejudice of a third party or with the intent to cause such prejudice, shall suffer the penalty next lower in degree.

SECTION FIVE.—Falsification of medical certificates, certificates of merit or service and the like

ART. 174. False medical certificates, false certificates of merit or service, etc.—The penalties of arresto mayor in its maximum period to prision correccional in its minimum period and a fine not to exceed 1,000 pesos shall be imposed upon:

1. Any physician or surgeon who, in connection with the practice of his profession, shall issue a false certificate; and
   
   
2. Any public officer who shall issue a false certificate of merit or service, good conduct or similar circumstances.

The penalty of arresto mayor shall be imposed upon any private person who shall falsify a certificate falling within the classes mentioned in the two preceding subdivisions.

ART. 175. Using false certificates.—The penalty of arresto menor shall be imposed upon any one who shall knowingly use any of the false certificates mentioned in the next preceding article.

SECTION SIX.—Manufacturing, importing and possession of instruments or implements intended for the commission of falsification

ART. 176. Manufacturing and possession of instruments or implements for falsification.—The penalty of prision correccional in its medium and maximum periods and a fine not to exceed 10,000 pesos shall be imposed upon any person who shall make or introduce into the Philippine Islands any stamps, dies, marks, or other instruments or implements intended to be used in the commission of the offenses of counterfeiting or falsification mentioned in the preceding sections of this chapter.

Any person who, with the intention of using them, shall have in his possession any of the instruments or implements mentioned in the preceding paragraph, shall suffer the penalty next lower in degree than that provided therein.

CHAPTER TWO

OTHER FALSITIES

SECTION ONE.—Usurpation of authority, rank, title, and improper use of names, uniforms and insignia insignia

ART. 177. Usurpation of official functions.—Any person who, under pretense of official position, shall perform any act pertaining to any person in authority or public officer, without being lawfully entitled to do so, shall suffer the penalty of prision correccional in its minimum and medium periods,

ART. 178. Using fictitious name and concealing true name.—The penalty of arresto mayor and a fine not to exceed 500 pesos shall be imposed upon any person who shall publicly use a fictitious name for the purpose of concealing a crime, evading the execution of a judgment or causing damage.

Any person who conceals his true name and other personal circumstances shall be punished by arresto menor or a fine not to exceed 200 pesos.

ART. 179. Illegal use of uniforms or insignia.—The penalty ot arresto mayor shall be imposed upon any person who shall publicly and improperly make use of insignia, uniforms or dress pertaining to an office not held by such person or to a class of persons of Which he is not a member.

SECTION TWO.—False testimony
ART. 180. False testimony against a defendant.—Any person who shall give false testimony against the defendant in any criminal case shall suffer:

1. The penalty of reclusion temporal, if the defendant in said case shall have been sentenced to death;
   
   
2. The penalty of prision mayor, if the defendant shall have been sentenced to reclusion temporal or perpetua;
   
   
3. The penalty of prision correccional, if the defendant shall have been sentenced to any other afflictive penalty; and
   
   
4. The penalty of arresto mayor, if the defendant shall have been sentenced to a correctional penalty or a fine, or shall have been acquitted.

In cases provided in subdivisions 3 and 4 of this article the offender shall further suffer a fine not to exceed 1,000 pesos.

ART. 181. False testimony favorable to the defendant.—Any person who shall give false testimony in favor of the defendant in a criminal case, shall suffer the penalties of arresto mayor in its maximum period to prision correccional in its minimum period and a fine not to exceed 1,000 pesos, if the prosecution is for a felony punishable by an afflictive penalty, and the penalty of arresto mayor in any other case.

ART. 182. False testimony in civil cases.—Any person found guilty of false testimony in a civil case shall suffer the penalty of prision correccional in its minimum period and a fine not to exceed 6,000 pesos, if the amount in controversy shall exceed 5,000 pesos, and the penalty of arresto mayor in its maximum period to prision correccional in its minimum period and a fine not to exceed 1,000 pesos, if the amount in controversy shall not exceed said amount or cannot be estimated.

ART. 183. False testimony in other cases and perjury in solemn affirmation.—The penalty of arresto mayor in its maximum period to prision correccional in its minimum period shall be imposed upon any person who, knowingly making untruthful statements and not being included in the provisions of the next preceding articles, shall testify under oath, or make an affidavit, upon any material matter before a competent person authorized to administer an oath in cases in which the law so requires.

Any person who, in case of a solemn affirmation made in lieu of an oath, shall commit any of the falsehoods mentioned in this and the three preceding articles of this section, shall suffer the respective penalties provided therein.

ART. 184. Offering false testimony in evidence.—Any person who shall knowingly offer in evidence a false witness or testimony in any judicial or official proceeding, shall be punished as guilty of false testimony and shall suffer the respective penalties provided in this section.

CHAPTER THREE

FRAUDS

SECTION ONE.—Machinations, monopolies, and combinations
ART. 185. Machinations in public auctions.—Any person who shall solicit any gift or promise as a consideration for refraining from taking part in any public auction, and any person who shall attempt to cause bidders to stay away from an auction by threats, gifts, promises, or any other artifice, with intent to cause the reduction of the price of the thing auctioned, shall suffer the penalty of prision correccional in its minimum period and a fine ranging from 10 to 50 per centum of the value of the thing auctioned.

ART. 186. Monopolies and combinations in restraint of trade.—The penalty of prision correccional in its minimum period or a fine ranging from 200 to 6,000 pesos, or both, shall be imposed upon:

1. Any person who shall enter into any contract or agreement or shall take part in any conspiracy or combination in the form of a trust or otherwise, in restraint of trade or commerce or to prevent by artificial means free competition in the market;
   
   
2. Any person who shall monopolize any merchandise or object of trade or commerce, or shall combine with any other person or persons to monopolize said merchandise or object in order to alter the prices thereof by spreading false rumors or making use of any other artifice to restrain free competition in the market;
   
   
3. Any person who, being an importer of any merchandise or object of commerce from any foreign country or from the United States, shall combine in any manner with other persons for the purpose of making transactions prejudicial to lawful commerce, or of increasing the market price in any part of the Philippine Islands of any article or articles imported or intended to be imported into said Islands, or of any article in the manufacture of which an imported article is used.

If the offense mentioned in this article affects any food substance or other article of prime necessity, the penalty shall be that of prision correccional in its medium and maximum periods, it being sufficient for the imposition thereof that the initial steps have been taken toward carrying out the purposes of the combination.

Any property possessed under any contract or by any combination mentioned in the preceding paragraphs, and being the subject thereof, shall be forfeited to the Government of the Philippine Islands.

Whenever any of the offenses described above is committed by a corporation or association, the president and each one of the directors or managers of said corporation or association, or its agent or representative in the Philippine Islands, in case of a foreign corporation or association, who shall have knowingly permitted or failed to prevent the commission of such offenses, shall be held liable as principals thereof.

SECTION TWO.—Frauds in commerce and industry

ART. 187. Importation and disposition of falsely marked articles or merchandise made of gold, silver, or ohter precious metals or their alloys.—The penalty of prision correccional or a fine ranging from 200 to 1,000 pesos, or both, shall be imposed upon any person who shall knowingly import or sell or dispose of any article or merchandise made of gold, silver, or other precious metal, or their alloys, with stamps, brands, or marks, which fail to indicate the actual fineness or quality of said metals or alloys.

Any stamp, brand, label, or mark shall be deemed to fail to indicate the actual fineness of the article on which it is engraved, printed, stamped, labeled or attached, when the test of the article shows that the quality or fineness thereof is less by more than one-half karat, if made of gold, and less by more than four one-thousandth, if made of silver, than what is shown by said stamp, brand, label, or mark. But in case of watch cases and flatware made of gold, the actual fineness of such gold shall not be less by more than three one-thousandth than the fineness indicated by said stamp, brand, label, or mark.

ART. 188. Substituting and altering trade-marks and trade-names.—The penalty of prision correccional in its minimum period or a fine ranging from 200 to 1,000 pesos or both, shall be imposed upon:

1. Any person who shall substitute the name or mark of some other manufacturer for the name or mark of the real manufacturer upon any article of commerce and shall sell the same;
   
   
2. Any person who shall sell such articles of commerce or offer the same for sale, knowing that the trade-mark has been fraudulently used in such goods as described in the preceding subdivision; or
   
   
3. Any person who, knowing the purposes for which the trade-mark or trade-name of a person is to be used, prints, lithographs, or in any way reproduces such trade-mark or trade-name, or a colorable imitation thereof, for another person, to enable that other person to fraudulently use such trade-mark or trade-name on his own goods.

A trade-name or trade-mark is a word or words, name, emblem, sign, or device used as an advertisement, sign, label, poster or otherwise, for the purpose of enabling the public to distinguish the business of the person who owns and uses said trade-name or trade-mark.

ART. 189. Unfair competition and fraudulent registration of trade-mark or trade-name.—The penalty provided in the next preceding article shall be imposed upon any person who, in unfair competition and for the purpose of deceiving or defrauding another of his legitimate trade or the public in general, shall sell his goods giving them the general appearance of goods of another manufacturer or dealer, either in the wrapping of the packages in which they are contained, or the device or words thereon, or in any other feature of their appearance which would be likely to induce the public to believe that the goods offered are those of a manufacturer or dealer other than the actual manufacturer or dealer, or shall give other persons a chance or opportunity to do the same with a like purpose.

The penalty of prision correccional in its minimum period or a fine ranging from 200 to 2,000 pesos, or both, shall be imposed upon any person who, by means of false or fraudulent representations or declarations, orally or in writing, or by other fraudulent means shall procure from the Office of Patents, Copyrights, and trade-marks the registry of a trade-mark, or of himself as the owner of a trade-mark or trade-name, or an entry respecting a trade-mark or trade-name.

TITLE FIVE

CRIMES RELATIVE TO OPIUM AND OTHER PROHIBITED DRUGS
ART. 190. Possession, preparation and use of prohibited drugs, and maintenance of opium dens.—The penalty of arresto mayor in its medium period to prision correccional in its minimum period and a fine ranging from 300 to 10,000 pesos shall be imposed upon:

1. Anyone who, unless lawfully authorized shall possess, prepare, administer or otherwise use any prohibited drug.
   
   "Prohibited drug," as used herein, includes opium, cocaine, alfa and beta eucaine, their derivatives, and all preparations made from them or any of them.
   
   "Opium" embraces every kind, class, and character of opium, whether crude or prepared; the ashes or refuse of the same; narcotic preparations thereof or therefrom; morphine or alkaloid of opium; preparations in which opium, morphine or alkaloid of opium, enter as an ingredient, and also opium leaves or wrappings of opium leaves, whether prepared or not, for their use.
   
   
2. Anyone who shall maintain a dive or resort where any prohibited drug is used in any form, in violation of the law.

ART. 191. Keeper, watchman and visitor of opium den.—The penalty of arresto mayor and a fine ranging from 100 to 300 pesos shall be imposed upon:

1. Anyone who shall act as keeper or watchman of a dive or resort where any prohibited drug is used in any manner contrary to law; and
   
   
2. Any person who, not being included in the provisions of the next preceding article, shall knowingly visit any dive or resort of the character referred to above.

ART. 192. Importation and sale of prohibited drugs.—The penalty of prision correccional in its medium and maximum periods and a fine ranging from 300 to 10,000 pesos shall be imposed upon any person who shall import or bring into the Philippine Islands any prohibited drug.

The same penalty shall be imposed upon any person who shall unlawfully sell or deliver to another any prohibited drug.

ART. 193. Illegal possession of opium pipe or other paraphernalia for the use of any prohibited drug.—The penalty of arresto mayor and a fine not exceeding 500 pesos shall be imposed upon any person who, not being authorized by law, shall possess any opium pipe or other paraphernalia for smoking, injecting, administering or using opium or any prohibited drug.

The illegal possession of an opium pipe or other paraphernalia for using any other prohibited drug shall be prima facie evidence that its possessor has used said drug.

ART. 194. Prescribing opium unnecessarily for a patient.—The penalty of prision correccional or a fine ranging from 300 to 10,000 pesos, or both, shall be imposed upon any physician or dentist who shall prescribe opium for any person whose physical condition does not require the use of the same.

TITLE SIX

CRIMES AGAINST PUBLIC MORALS

CHAPTER ONE

GAMBLING AND BETTING

ART. 195. What acts are punishable in gambling.—The penalty of arresto menor or a fine not exceeding 200 pesos, and, in case of recidivism, the penalty of arresto mayor or a fine ranging from 200 to 6,000 pesos, shall be imposed upon:

1. Any person who, in any manner, shall directly or indirectly take part in any game of monte, jueteng or any other form of lottery, policy, banking or percentage game, dog races or any other game or scheme the result of which depends wholly or chiefly upon chance or hazard; or wherein wagers consisting of money, articles of value or representative of value are made; or in the exploitation or use of any other mechanical invention or contrivance to determine by chance the loser or winner of money or any object or representative of value.
   
   
2. Any person who shall knowingly permit any form of gambling referred to in the preceding subdivision to be carried on in any inhabited or uninhabited place or any building, vessel or other means of transportation owned or controlled by him. If the place where gambling is carried on has the reputation of a gambling' place or that prohibited gambling is frequently carried on therein, the culprit shall be punished by the penalty provided for in this article in its maximum period.
   
   
3. Any person who shall, knowingly and without lawful purpose, have in his possession any lottery list, paper or other matter containing letters, figures, signs or symbols which pertain to or are in any manner used in the game of jueteng or any similar game which has taken place or is about to take place.

ART. 196. Importation, sale and possession of lottery tickets or advertisements.—The penalty of arresto mayor in its maximum period to prision correccional in its minimum period or a fine ranging from 200 to 2,000 pesos, or both, in the discretion of the court, shall be imposed upon any person who shall import into the Philippine Islands from any foreign place or port any lottery ticket or advertisement or, in connivance with the importer, shall sell or distribute the same.

Any person who shall knowingly and with intent to use them, have in his possession lottery tickets or advertisements, or shall sell or distribute the same without connivance with the importer of the same, shall be punished by arresto menor, or a fine not exceeding 200 pesos, or both, in the discretion of the court.

The possession of any lottery ticket or advertisement shall be prima facie evidence of an intent to sell, distribute or use the same in the Philippine Islands.

ART. 197. Betting in sport contests.—The penalty of arresto menor or a fine not exceeding 200 pesos, or both,contes shall be imposed upon any person who shall bet money or any object or article of value or representative of value upon the result of any boxing or other sport contest.

ART. 198. Illegal betting on horse races.—The penalty of arresto menor or a fine not exceeding 200 pesos, or both, shall be imposed upon any person who, except during the periods allowed by law, shall bet on horse races. The penalty of arresto mayor or a fine ranging from 200 to 2,000 pesos, or both, shall be imposed upon any person who, under the same circumstances, shall maintain or employ a totalizer or other device or scheme for betting on horse races or realizing any profit therefrom.

For the purposes of this article, any race held on the same day and at the same place shall be held punishable as a separate offense, and if the same be committed by any partnership, corporation or association, the president and the directors or managers thereof shall be deemed to be principals in the offense if they have consented to or knowingly tolerated its commission.

ART. 199. Illegal cockfighting.—The penalty of arresto menor or a fine not exceeding 200 pesos, or both, in the discretion of the court, shall be imposed upon:

1. Any person who directly or indirectly participates in cockfights, by betting money or other valuable things, or who organizes cockfights at which bets are made, on a day other than those permitted by law.
   
   
2. Any person who directly or indirectly participates in cockfights, by betting money or other valuable things, or organizes such cockfights, at a place other than a licensed cockpit.

CHAPTER TWO

OFFENSES AGAINST DECENCY AND GOOD CUSTOMS

ART. 200. Grave scandal.—The penalties of arresto mayor and public censure shall be imposed upon any person who shall offend against decency or good customs by any highly scandalous conduct not expressly falling within any other article of this Code.

ART. 201. Immoral doctrines, obscene publications and exhibitions.—The penalty of prision correccional in its minimum period, or a fine ranging from 200 to 2,000 pesos, or both, shall be imposed upon:

1. Those who shall publicly expound or proclaim doctrines openly contrary to public morals;
   
   
2. The authors of obscene literature, published with their knowledge in any form, and the editors publishing such literature;
   
   
3. Those who in theaters, fairs, cinematographs or any other place open to public view, shall exhibit indecent or immoral plays, scenes, acts or shows; and
   
   
4. Those who shall sell, give away or exhibit prints, engravings, sculptures or literature which are offensive to morals.

ART. 202. Vagrants and prostitutes—Penalty.—The following are vagrants:

1. Any person having no apparent means of subsistence, who has the physical ability to work and who neglects to apply himself or herself to some lawful calling;
   
   
2. Any person found loitering about public or semi-public buildings or places or tramping or wandering about the country or the streets without visible means of support;
   
   
3. Any idle or dissolute person who lodges in houses of ill-fame; ruffians or pimps and those who habitually associate with prostitutes;
   
   
4. Any person who, not being included in the provisions of other articles of this Code, shall be found loitering in any inhabited or uninhabited place belonging to another without any lawful or justifiable purpose;
   
   
5. Prostitutes.

For the purposes of this article, women who, for money or profit, habitually indulge in sexual intercourse or lascivious conduct, are deemed to be prostitutes.

Any person found guilty of any of the offenses covered by this article shall be punished by arresto menor or a fine not exceeding 200 pesos, and in case of recidivism, by arresto mayor in its medium period to prision correccional in its minimum period or a fine ranging from 200 to 2,000 pesos, or both, in the discretion of the court.

TITLE SEVEN

CRIMES COMMITTED BY PUBLIC OFFICERS

CHAPTER ONE

PRELIMINARY PROVISIONS
ART. 203. Who are public officers.—For the purpose of applying the provisions of this and the preceding titles of this book, any person who, by direct provision of the law, popular election or appointment by competent authority, shall take part in the performance of public functions in the Government of the Philippine Islands, or shall perform in said Government or in any of its branches public duties as an employee, agent or subordinate official, of any rank or class, shall be deemed to be a public officer.

CHAPTER TWO

MALFEASANCE AND MISFEASANCE IN OFFICE

SECTION ONE.—Dereliction of duty
ART. 204. Knowingly rendering unjust judgment.—Any judge who shall knowingly render an unjust judgment in any case submitted to him for decision, shall be punished by prision mayor and perpetual absolute disqualification.

ART. 205. Judgment rendered through negligence.—Any judge who, by reason of inexcusable negligence or ignorance, shall render a manifestly unjust judgment in any case submitted to him for decision shall be punished by arresto mayor and temporary special disqualification.

ART. 206. Unjust interlocutory order.—Any judge who shall knowingly render an unjust interlocutory order or decree shall suffer the penalty of arresto mayor in its minimum period and suspension; but if he shall have acted by reason of inexcusable negligence or ignorance and the interlocutory order or decree be manifestly unjust, the penalty shall be suspension.

ART. 207. Malicious delay in the administration of justice.—The penalty of prision correccional in its minimum period shall be imposed upon any judge guilty of malicious delay in the administration of justice.

ART. 208. Prosecution of offenses; negligence and tolerance.—The penalty of prision correccional in its minimum period and suspension shall be imposed upon any public officer, or officer of the law, who, in dereliction of the duties of his office, shall maliciously refrain from instituting prosecution for the punishment of violators of the law, or shall tolerate the commission of offenses.

ART. 209. Betrayal of trust by an attorney or solicitor—Revelation of secrets.—In addition to the proper administrative action, the penalty of prision correccional in its minimum period, or a fine ranging from 200 to 1,000 pesos, or both, shall be imposed upon any attorney-at-law or solicitor (procurador judicial) who, by any malicious breach of professional duty or inexcusable negligence or ignorance, shall prejudice his client, or reveal any of the secrets of the latter learned by him in his professional capacity.

The same penalty shall be imposed upon an attorney-at-law or solicitor (procurador judicial) who, having undertaken the defense of a client or having received confidential information from said client in a case, shall undertake the defense of the opposing party in the same case, without the consent of his first client.

SECTION TWO.—Bribery

ART. 210. Direct bribery.—Any public officer who shall agree to perform an act constituting a crime, in connection with the performance of his official duties, in consideration of any offer, promise, gift or present received by such officer, personally or through the mediation of another, shall suffer the penalty of prision correccional in its minimum and medium periods and a fine of not less than the value of the gift and not more than three times such value, in addition to the penalty corresponding to the crime agreed upon, if the same shall have been committed.

If the gift was accepted by the officer in consideration of the execution of an act which does not constitute a crime, and the officer executed said act, he shall suffer the same penalty provided in the preceding paragraph; and if said act shall not have been accomplished, the officer shall suffer the penalties of arresto mayor in its maximum period and a fine of not less than the value of the gift and not more than twice such value.

If the object for which the gift was received or promised was to make the public officer refrain from doing something which it was his official duty to do, he shall suffer the penalties of arresto mayor in its medium and maximum periods and a fine of not less than the value of the gift and not more than three times such value.

In addition to the penalties provided in the preceding paragraphs, the culprit shall suffer the penalty of special temporary disqualification.

The provisions contained in the preceding paragraphs shall be made applicable to assessors, arbitrators, appraisal and claim commissioners, experts or any other persons performing public duties.

ART. 211. Indirect bribery.—The penalties of arresto mayor, suspension in its minimum and medium periods and public censure shall be imposed upon any public officer who shall accept gifts offered to him by reason of his office.

ART. 212. Corruption of public officials.—The same penalties imposed upon the officer corrupted, except those of disqualification and suspension, shall be imposed upon any person who shall have made the offers or promises or given the gifts or presents as described in the preceding articles.

CHAPTER THREE

FRAUDS AND ILLEGAL EXACTIONS AND TRANSACTIONS
ART. 213. Frauds against the public treasury and similar offenses.—The penalty of prision correccional in its medium period to prision mayor in its minimum period, or a fine ranging from 200 to 10,000 pesos, or both, shall be imposed upon any public officer who:

1. In his official capacity, in dealing with any person with regard to furnishing supplies, the making of contracts, or the adjustment or settlement of accounts relating to public property or funds, shall enter into an agreement with any interested party or speculator or make use of any other scheme, to defraud the Government;
   
   
2. Being entrusted with the collection of taxes, licenses, fees and other imposts, shall be guilty of any of the following acts or omissions:
   
   
   1. Demanding, directly or indirectly, the payment of sums different from or larger than those authorized by law.
      
      
   2. Failing voluntarily to issue a receipt, as provided by law, for any sum of money collected by him officially.
      
      
   3. Collecting or receiving, directly or indirectly, by way of payment or otherwise, things or objects of a nature different from that provided by law.

When the culprit is an officer or employee of the Bureau of Internal Revenue or the Bureau of Customs, the provisions of the Administrative Code shall be applied.

ART. 214. Other frauds.—In addition to the penalties prescribed in the provisions of Chapter Six, Title Ten, Book Two, of this Code, the penalty of temporary special disqualification in its maximum period to perpetual special disqualification shall be imposed upon any public officer who, taking advantage of his official position, shall commit any of the frauds or deceits enumerated in said provisions.

ART. 215. Prohibited transactions.—The penalty of prision correccional in its minimum period or a fine ranging from 200 to 1,000 pesos, or both, shall be imposed upon any appointive public officer who, during his incumbency, shall directly or indirectly become interested in any transaction of exchange or speculation within the territory subject to his jurisdiction.

ART. 216. Possession of prohibited interest by a public officer.—The penalty of arresto mayor in its medium period to prision correccional in its minimum period, or a fine ranging from 200 to 1,000 pesos, or both, shall be Imposed upon a public officer who, directly or indirectly, sjhatl become interested in any contract or business in which it is his official duty to intervene.

This provision is applicable to experts, arbitrators and private accountants who, in like manner, shall take part in any contract or transaction connected with the estate or property in the appraisal, distribution or adjudication of which they shall have acted, and to the guardians and executors with respect to the property belonging to their wards or estate.

CHAPTER FOUR

MALVERSATION OF PUBLIC FUNDS OR PROPERTY
ART. 217. Malversation of public funds or property—Presumption of malversation.—Any public officer who, by reason of the duties of his office, is accountable for public funds or property, shall appropriate the same, or shall take or misappropriate or shall consent, or through abandonment or negligence, shall permit any other person to take such public funds or property, wholly or partially, or shall otherwise be guilty of the misappropriation or malversation of such funds or property, shall suffer:

1. The penalty of prision correccional in its minimum and medium periods, if the amount involved in the misappropriation or malversation does not exceed 200 pesos.
   
   
2. The penalty of prision correccional in its maximum period to prision mayor in its minimum period, if the amount involved is more than 200 pesos but does not exceed 6,000 pesos.
   
   
3. The penalty of prision mayor in its medium and maximum periods, if the amount involved is more than 6,000 pesos but is less than 12,000 pesos.
   
   
4. The penalty of reclusion temporal in its minimum and medium periods, if the amount involved is more than 12,000 pesos but is less than 22,000 pesos. If the amount exceeds the latter, the penalty shall be reclusion temporal in its medium and maximum periods.

In all cases, persons guilty of malversation shall also suffer the penalty of perpetual special disqualification and a fine ranging from one-half to the total value of the funds or property embezzled.

The failure of a public officer to have duly forthcoming any public funds or property with which he is chargeable, upon demand by any duly authorized officer, shall be prima facie evidence that he has put such missing funds or property to personal uses.

ART. 218. Failure of accountable officer to render accounts.—Any public officer, whether in the service or separated therefrom by resignation or any other cause, who is required by law or regulation to render account to the Insular Auditor, or to a provincial auditor and who fails to do so for a period of two months after such accounts should be rendered, shall be punished by prision correccional in its minimum period, or by a fine ranging from 200 to 6,000 pesos, or both.

ART. 219. Failure of a responsible public officer to render accounts accounts before leaving the country.—Any public officer who unlawfully leaves or attempts to leave the Philippine Islands without securing a certificate from the Insular Auditor showing that his accounts have been finally settled, shall be punished by arresto mayor, or a fine ranging from 200 to 1,000 pesos, or both.

ART. 220. Illegal use of public funds or property.—Any public officer who shall apply any public fund or property under his administration to any public use other than that for which such fund or property were appropriated by law or ordinance shall suffer the penalty of prision correccional in its minimum period or a fine ranging from one-half to the total value of the sum misapplied, if by reason of such misapplication, any damage or embarrassment shall have resulted to the public service. In either case, the offender shall also suffer the penalty of temporary special disqualification.

If no damage or embarrassment to the public service has resulted, the penalty shall be a fine from 5 to 50 per cent of the sum misapplied.

ART. 221. Failure to make delivery of public funds or property.—Any public officer under obligation to make payment from Government funds in his possession, who shall fail to make such payment, shall be punished by arresto mayor and a fine of from 5 to 25 per cent of the sum which he failed to pay.

This provision shall apply to any public officer who, being ordered by competent authority to deliver any property in his custody or under his administration, shall refuse to make such delivery.

The fine shall be graduated in such case by the value of the thing, provided that it shall not be less than 50 pesos.

Art. 222. Officers included in the preceding provisions.—The provisions of this chapter shall apply to private individuals who, in any capacity whatever, have charge of any Insular, provincial or municipal funds, revenues or property and to any administrator or depository of funds or property attached, seized or deposited by public authority, even if such property belongs to a private individual.

CHAPTER FIVE

INFIDELITY OP PUBLIC OFFICERS

SECTION ONE.—Infidelity in the custody of prisoners
ART. 223. Conniving with or consenting to evasion.—Any public officer who shall consent to the escape of a prisoner custody or charge, shall be punished:

1. By prision correccional in its medium and maximum periods and temporary special disqualification in its maximum period to perpetual special disqualification, if the fugitive shall have been sentenced by final judgment to any penalty.
   
   
2. By prision correccional in its minimum period and temporary special disqualification, in case the fugitive shall not have been finally convicted but only held as a detention prisoner for any crime or violation of law or municipal ordinance.

ART. 224. Evasion through negligence.—If the evasion of the prisoner shall have taken place through the negligence of the officer charged with the conveyance or custody of the escaping prisoner, said officer shall suffer the penalties of arresto mayor in its maximum period to prision correccional in its minimum period and temporary special disqualification.

ART. 225. Escape of prisoner under the custody of a under custody of a person not a public person not a public officer.—Any private person to whom the conveyance or custody of a prisoner or person under arrest shall have been confided, who shall commit any of the offenses mentioned in the two preceding articles, shall suffer the penalty next lower in degree than that prescribed for the public officer.

SECTION TWO.—Infidelity in the custody of documents of documents

Art. 226. Removal, concealment or destruction of documents.—Any public officer who shall remove, destroy or conceal documents or papers officially entrusted to him, shall suffer:

1. The penalty of prision mayor and a fine not exceeding 1,000 pesos, whenever serious damage shall have been caused thereby to a third party or to the public interest.
   
   
2. The penalty of prision correccional in its minimum and medium periods and a fine not exceeding 1,000 pesos, whenever the damage caused to a third party or to the public interest shall not have been serious.

In either case, the additional penalty of temporary special disqualification in its maximum period to perpetual special disqualification shall be imposed.

ART. 227. Officer breaking seal.—Any public officer charged with the custody of papers or property sealed by proper authority, who shall break the seals or permit them to be broken, shall suffer the penalties of prision correccional in its minimum and medium periods, temporary special disqualification and a fine not exceeding 2,000 pesos.

ART. 228. Opening of closed documents.—Any public officer not included in the provisions of the next preceding article who, without proper authority, shall open or shall permit to be opened any closed papers, documents or objects entrusted to his custody, shall suffer the penalties of arresto mayor, temporary special disqualification and a fine not exceeding 2,000 pesos.

SECTION THREE.—Revelation of secrets

ART. 229. Revelation of secrets by an officer.—Any public officer who shall reveal any secret known to him by reason of his official capacity, or shall wrongfully deliver papers or copies of papers of which he may have charge and which should not be published, shall suffer the penalties of prision correccional in its medium and maximum periods, perpetual special disqualification and a fine not exceeding 2,000 pesos if the revelation of such secrets or the delivery of such papers shall have caused serious damage to the public interest; otherwise, the penalties of prision correccional in its minimum period, temporary special disqualification and a fine not exceeding 500 pesos shall be imposed.

ART. 230. Public officer revealing secrets of private individual.—Any public officer to whom the secrets of any pri-vate individual shall become known by reason of his office who shall reveal such secrets, shall suffer the penalties of arresto mayor and a fine not exceeding 1,000 pesos.

CHAPTER SIX

OTHER OFFENSES OR IRREGULARITIES BY PUBLIC OFFICERS

SECTION ONE.—Disobedience, refusal of assistance and maltreatment of prisoners
ART. 231. Open disobedience.—Any judicial or executive officer who shall openly refuse to execute the judgment, decision or order of any superior authority made within the scope of the jurisdiction of the latter and issued with all the legal formalities, shall suffer the penalties of arresto mayor in its medium period to prision correccional in its minimum period, temporary special disqualification in its maximum period and a fine not exceeding 1,000 pesos.

ART. 232. Disobedience to order of superior officer, when said order was suspended by inferior officer.—Any public officer who, having for any reason suspended the execution of the orders of his superiors, shall disobey such superiors after the latter have disapproved the suspension, shall suffer the penalties of prision correccional in its minimum and medium periods and perpetual special disqualification.

ART. 233. Refusal of assistance.—The penalties of arresto mayor in its medium period to prision correccional in its minimum period, perpetual special disqualification and a fine not exceeding 1,000 pesos, shall be imposed upon a public officer who, upon demand from competent authority, shall fail to lend his cooperation towards the administration of justice or other public service, if such failure shall result in serious damage to the public interest, or to a third party; otherwise, arresto mayor in its medium and maximum periods and a fine not exceeding 500 pesos shall be imposed.

ART. 234. Refusal to discharge elective office.—The penalty of arresto mayor or a fine not exceeding 1,000 pesos, or both, shall be imposed upon any person who, having been elected by popular election to a public office, shall refuse without legal motive to be sworn in or to discharge the duties of said office.

ART. 235. Maltreatment of prisoners.—The penalty of arresto mayor in its medium period to prision correccional in its minimum period, in addition to his liability for the physical injuries or damage caused, shall be imposed upon any public officer or employee who shall overdo himself in the correction or handling of a prisoner or detention prisoner under his charge, by the imposition of punishments not authorized by the regulations, or by inflicting such punishments in a cruel and humiliating manner.

If the purpose of the maltreatment is to extort a confession, or to obtain some information from the prisoner, the offender shall be punished by prision correctional in its minimum period, temporary special disqualification and a fine not exceeding 500 pesos, in addition to his liability for the physical injuries or damage caused.

SECTION TWO.—Anticipation, prolongation and abandonment of the duties and powers of public office 
ART. 236. Anticipation of duties of a public office.—Any person who shall assume the performance of the duties and powers of any public office or employment without first being sworn in or having given the bond required by law, shall be suspended from such office or employment until he shall have complied with the respective formalities and shall be fined from 200 to 500 pesos.

ART. 237. Prolonging performance of duties and powers.—Any public officer who shall continue to exercise the duties and powers of his office, employment or commission, beyond the period provided by law, regulations or special provisions applicable to the case, shall suffer the penalties of prision correccional in its minimum period, special temporary disqualification in its minimum period  : and a fine not exceeding 500 pesos.

ART. 238. Abandonment of office or position.—Any public officer who, before the acceptance of his resignation, shall abandon his office to the detriment of the public service shall suffer the penalty of arresto mayor.

If such office shall have been abandoned in order to evade the discharge of the duties of preventing, prosecuting or punishing any of the crimes falling within Title One, and Chapter One of Title Three of Book Two of this Code, the offender shall be punished by prision correccional in its minimum and medium periods, and by arresto mayor if the purpose of such abandonment is to evade the duty of preventing, prosecuting or punishing any other crime.

SECTION THREE.—Usurpation of powers and unlawful appointments 
ART. 239. Usurpation of legislative powers.—The penalties of prision correccional in its minimum period, temporary special disqualification and a fine not exceeding 1,000 pesos, shall be imposed upon any public officer who shall encroach upon the powers of the legislative branch of the Government, either by making general rules or regulations beyond the scope of his authority, or by attempting to repeal a law or suspending the execution thereof.

ART. 240. Usurpation of executive functions.—Any judge who shall so assume any power pertaining to the executive authorities, or shall obstruct the latter in the lawful exercise of their powers, shall suffer the penalty of arresto mayor in its medium period to prision correccional in its minimum period.

ART. 241. Usurpation of judicial functions.—The penalty of arresto mayor in its medium period to prision correccional in its minimum period shall be imposed upon any officer of the executive branch of the Government who shall assume judicial powers or shall obstruct the execution of any order or decision rendered by any judge within his jurisdiction.

ART. 242. Disobeying request for disqualification.—Any public officer who, before the question of jurisdiction isfor distiualifici decided, shall continue any proceeding after having been lawfully required to refrain from so doing, shall be punished by arresto mayor and a fine not exceeding 500 pesos.

ART. 243. Orders or requests by executive officers to any judicial authority.—Any executive officer who shall address any order or suggestion to any judicial authority with respect to any case or business coming within the exclusive jurisdiction of the courts of justice shall suffer the penalty of arresto mayor and a fine not exceeding 500 pesos.

ART. 244. Unlawful appointments.—Any public officer who shall knowingly nominate or appoint to any public office any person lacking the legal qualifications therefor, shall suffer the penalty of arresto mayor and a fine not exceeding 1,000 pesos.

SECTION FOUR.—Abuses against chastity

ART. 245. Abuses against chastity—Penalties.—The penalties of prision correccional in its medium and maximum periods and temporary special disqualification shall be imposed:

1. Upon any public officer who shall solicit or make immoral or indecent advances to a woman interested in matters pending before such officer for decision, or with respect to which he is required to submit a report to or consult with a superior officer;
   
   
2. Any warden or other public officer directly charged with the care and custody of prisoners or persons under arrest who shall solicit or make immoral or indecent advances to a woman under his custody.

If the person solicited be the wife, daughter, sister or relative within the same degree by affinity of any person in the custody of such warden or officer, the penalties shall be prision correccional in its minimum and medium periods and temporary special disqualification.

TITLE EIGHT

CRIMES AGAINST PERSONS

CHAPTER ONE

DESTRUCTION OF LIFE

SECTION ONE.—Parricide, murder, homicide
ART. 246. Parricide.—Any person who shall kill his father, mother, or child, whether legitimate or illegitimate, or any of his ascendants or descendants, or his spouse, shall be guilty of parricide and shall be punished by the penalty of reclusion perpetua to death.

ART. 247. Death or physical injuries inflicted under exceptional circumstances.—Any legally married person who, having surprised his spouse in the act of committing sexual intercourse with another person, shall kill any of them or both of them in the act or immediately thereafter, or shall inflict upon them any serious physical injury, shall suffer the penalty of destierro.

If he shall inflict upon them physical injuries of any other kind, he shall be exempt from punishment.

These rules shall be applicable, under the same circumstances, to parents with respect to their daughters under eighteen years of age, and their seducers, while the daughters are living with their parents.

Any person who shall promote or facilitate the prostitution of his wife or daughter, or shall otherwise have consented to the infidelity of the other spouse shall not be entitled to the benefits of this article.

ART. 248. Murder.—Any person who, not falling within the provisions of article 246 shall kill another, shall be guilty of murder and shall be punished by reclusion temporal in its maximum period to death, if committed with any of the following attendant circumstances:

1. With treachery, taking advantage of superior strength, with the aid of armed men, or employing means to weaken the defense or of means or persons to insure or afford impunity.
   
   
2. In consideration of a price, reward or promise.
   
   
3. By means of inundation, fire, poison, explosion, shipwreck, stranding of a vessel, derailment or assault upon a street car or locomotive, fall of an airship, by means of motor vehicles, or with the use of any other means involving great waste and ruin.
   
   
4. On occasion of any of the calamities enumerated in the preceding paragraph, or of an earthquake, eruption of a volcano, destructive cyclone, epidemic, or any other public calamity.
   
   
5. With evident premeditation.
   
   
6. With cruelty, by deliberately and inhumanly augmenting the suffering of the victim, or outraging or scoffing at his person or corpse.

ART. 249. Homicide.—Any person who, not falling within the provisions of article 246 shall kill another without the attendance of any of the circumstances enumerated in the next preceding article, shall be deemed guilty of homicide and be punished by reclusion temporal.

ART. 250. Penalty for frustrated parricide, murder or homicide.—The courts, in view of the facts of the case, may impose upon the person guilty of the frustrated crime of parricide, murder or homicide, defined and penalized in the preceding articles, a penalty lower by one degree than that which should be imposed under the provisions of article 50.

The courts, considering the facts of the case, may likewise reduce by one degree the penalty which under article 51 should be imposed for an attempt to commit any of such crimes.

ART. 251. Death caused in a tumultuous affray.—When, while several persons, not composing groups organized for the common purpose of assaulting and attacking each other reciprocally, quarrel and assault each other in a confused and tumultuous manner, and in the course of the affray someone is killed, and it cannot be ascertained who actually killed the deceased, but the person or persons who inflicted serious physical injuries can be identified, such person or persons shall be punished by prision mayor.

If it cannot be determined who inflicted the serious physical injuries on the deceased, the penalty of prision correctional in its medium and maximum periods shall be imposed upon all those who shall have used violence upon the person of the victim.

ART. 252. Physical injuries inflicted in a tumultuous affray.—When in a tumultuous aftray as referred to in the preceding article, only serious physical injuries are inflicted upon the participants thereof and the person responsible therefor cannot be identified, all those who appear to have used violence upon the person of the offended party shall suffer the penalty next lower in degree than that provided for the physical injuries so inflicted.

When the physical injuries inflicted are of a less serious nature and the person responsible therefor cannot be identified, all those who appear to have used any violence upon the person of the offended party shall be punished by arres-to from five to fifteen days.

ART. 253. Giving assistance to suicide.—Any person who shall assist another to commit suicide shall suffer the penalty of prision mayor; if such person lends his assistance to another to the extent of doing the killing himself, he shall suffer the penalty of reclusion temporal. However, if the suicide is not consummated, the penalty of arresto mayor in its medium and maximum periods shall be imposed.

ART. 254. Discharge of firearms.—Any person who shall shoot at another with any firearm shall suffer the penalty of prision correccional in its minimum and medium periods, unless the facts of the case are such that the act can be held to constitute frustrated or attempted parricide, murder, homicide or any other crime for which a higher penalty is prescribed by any of the articles of this Code.

SECTION TWO.—Infanticide and abortion 
ART. 255. Infanticide.—The penalty provided for parricide in article 246 and for murder in article 248 shall be imposed upon any person who shall kill any child less than three days of age.

If the crime penalized in this article be committed by the mother of the child for the purpose of concealing her dishonor, she shall suffer the penalty of prision correccional in its medium and maximum periods, and if said crime be committed for the same purpose by the maternal grandparents or either of them, the penalty shall be prision mayor.

ART. 256. Intentional abortion.—Any person who shall intentionally cause an abortion shall suffer:

1. The penalty of reclusion temporal, if he shall use any violence upon the person of the pregnant woman.
   
   
2. The penalty of prision mayor if, without using violence, he shall act without the consent of the woman.
   
   
3. The penalty of prision correccional in its medium and maximum periods, if the woman shall have consented.

ART. 257. Unintentional abortion.—The penalty of prision correccional in its minimum and medium periods shall be imposed upon any person who shall cause an abortion by violence, but unintentionally.

ART. 258. Abortion practiced by the woman herself or by her parents.—The penalty of prision correccional in its medium and maximum periods shall be imposed upon a woman who shall practice an abortion upon herself or shall consent that any other person should do so.

Any woman who shall commit this offense to conceal her dishonor, shall suffer the penalty of prision correccional in its minimum and medium periods.

If this crime be committed by the parents of the pregnant woman or either of them, and they act with the consent of said woman for the purpose of concealing her dishonor, the offenders shall suffer the penalty of prision correctional in its medium and maximum periods.

ART. 259. Abortion, practiced by a physician or midwife and dispensing of abortives.—The penalties provided in article 256 shall be imposed in its maximum period, respectively, upon any physician or midwife who, taking advantage of their scientific knowledge or skill, shall cause an abortion or assist in causing the same.

Any pharmacist who, without the proper prescription from a physician, shall dispense any abortive shall suffer arresto mayor and a fine not exceeding 1,000 pesos.

SECTION THREE.—Duel

ART. 260. Responsibility of participants in a duel.—The penalty of reclusion temporal shall be imposed upon any person who shall kill his adversary in a duel.

If he shall inflict upon the latter physical injuries only, he shall suffer the penalty provided therefor, according to their nature.

In any other case, the combatants shall suffer the penalty of arresto mayor, although no physical injuries have been inflicted.

The seconds shall in all events be punished as accomplices.

ART. 261. Challenging to a duel.—The penalty of prision correccional in its minimum period shall be imposed upon any person who shall challenge another, or incite another to give or accept a challenge to a duel, or shall scoff at or decry another publicly for having refused to accept a challenge to fight a duel.

CHAPTER TWO

PHYSICAL INJURIES
ART. 262. Mutilation.—The penalty of reclusion temporal to reclusion perpetua shall be imposed upon any person who shall intentionally mutilate another by depriving him, either totally or partially, of some essential organ for reproduction.

Any other intentional mutilation shall be punished by prision mayor in its medium and maximum periods.

ART. 263. Serious physical injuries.—Any person who shall wound, beat, or assault another, shall be guilty of the crime of serious physical injuries and shall suffer:

1. The penalty of prision mayor, if in consequence of the physical injuries inflicted, the injured person shall become insane, imbecile, impotent, or blind;
   
   
2. The penalty of prision correccional in its medium and maximum periods, if in consequence of the physical injuries inflicted, the person injured shall have lost the use of speech or the power to hear or to smell, or shall have lost an eye, a hand, a foot, an arm, or a leg or shall have lost the use of any such member, or shall have become incapacitated for the work in which he was theretofore habitually engaged;
   
   
3. The penalty of prision correccional in its minimum and medium periods, if in consequence of the physical injuries inflicted, the person injured shall have become deformed, or shall have lost any other part of his body, or shall have lost the use thereof, or shall have been ill or incapacitated for the performance of the work in which he was habitually engaged for a period of more than ninety days;
   
   
4. The penalty of arresto mayor in its maximum period to prision correccional in its minimum period, if the physical injuries inflicted shall have caused the illness or incapacity for labor of the injured person for more than thirty days.

If the offense shall have been committed against any of the persons enumerated in article 246, or with the attendance of any of the circumstances mentioned in article 248, the case covered by subdivision number 1 of this article shall be punished by reclusion temporal in its medium and maximum periods; the case covered by subdivision number 2 by prision correccional in its maximum period to prision mayor in its minimum period; the case covered by subdivision number 3 by prision correccional in its medium and maximum periods; and the case covered by subdivision number 4 by prision correccional in its minimum and medium periods.

The provisions of the preceding paragraph shall not be applicable to a parent who shall inflict physical injuries upon his child by excessive chastisement.

ART. 264. Administering injurious substances or beverages.—The penalties established by the next preceding article shall be applicable in the respective cases to any person who, without intent to kill, shall inflict upon another any serious physical injury, by knowingly administering to him any injurious substances or beverages or by taking advantage of his weakness of mind or credulity.

ART. 265. Less serious physical injuries.—Any person who shall inflict upon another physical inj uries not described in the preceding articles, but which shall incapacitate the offended party for labor for ten days or more, or shall require medical attendance for the same period, shall be guilty of less serious physical injuries and shall suffer the penalty of arresto mayor.

Whenever less serious physical injuries shall have been inflicted with the manifest intent to insult or offend the injured person, or under circumstances adding ignominy to the offense, in addition to the penalty of arresto mayor, a fine not exceeding 500 pesos shall be imposed.

Any less serious physical injuries inflicted upon the offender's parents, ascendants, guardians, curators, teachers, or persons of rank, or persons in authority, shall be punished by prision correccional in its minimum and medium periods, provided that, in the case of persons in authority, the deed does not constitute the crime of assault upon such persons.

ART. 266. Slight physical injuries and maltreatment.—The crime of slight physical inj uries shall be punished:

1. By arresto menor when the offender has inflicted physical injuries which shall incapacitate the offended party for labor from one to nine days, or shall require medical attendance during the same period.
   
   
2. By arresto menor or a fine not exceeding 200 pesos and censure when the offender has caused physical injuries which do not prevent the offended party from engaging in his habitual work nor require medical attendance.
   
   
3. By arresto menor in its minimum period or a fine not exceeding 50 pesos when the offender shall illtreat another by deed without causing any injury.

TITLE NINE

CRIMES AGAINST PERSONAL LIBERTY AND SECURITY

CHAPTER ONE

CRIMES AGAINST LIBERTY

SECTION ONE.—Illegal detention

ART. 267. Serious illegal detention.—Any private individual who shall kidnap or detain another, or in any other manner deprive him of his liberty, shall suffer the penalty of reclusion temporal.

1. If the locking up or detention shall have lasted more than twenty days.
   
   
2. If it shall have been committed simulating public authority.
   
   
3. If any serious physical injuries shall have been inflicted upon the person locked up or detained, or if threats to kill him shall have been made.

ART. 268. Slight illegal detention.—The penalty of prision mayor shall be imposed upon any private individual who shall commit the crimes described in the next preceding article without the attendance of any of the circumstances enumerated therein.

The same penalty shall be incurred by anyone who shall furnish the place for the perpetration of the crime.

If the offender shall voluntarily release the person so locked up or detained within three days from the commencement of the detention, without having attained the purpose intended, and before the institution of criminal proceedings against him, the penalty shall be prision correccional in its minimum and medium periods and a fine not exceeding 500 pesos.

ART. 269. Unlawful arrest.—The penalty of arresto mayor and a fine not exceeding 500 pesos shall be imposed upon any person who, in any case other than those authorized by law, or without reasonable ground therefor, shall arrest or detain another for the purpose of delivering him to the proper authorities.

SECTION TWO.—Kidnapping of minors

Art. 270. Kidnapping and failure to return a minor.—The penalty of reclusion temporal shall be imposed upon:

1. Anyone who shall kidnap a child under seven years for the purpose of permanently separating said child from his parents or guardians or the persons charged with his custody.
   
   
2. Any person who, being entrusted with the custody of a minor person, shall deliberately fail to restore the latter to his parents or guardians.

ART. 271. Inducing a minor to abandon his home.—The penalty of arresto mayor and a fine not exceeding 500 pesos r shall be imposed upon anyone who shall induce a person under age but over seven years to abandon the home of his parents or guardians or the persons entrusted with this custody.

If the person committing any of the crimes covered by the two preceding articles shall be the father or the mother of the minor, the penalty shall be arresto menor or a fine not exceeding 200 pesos, or both.

SECTION THREE.—Slavery and servitude
ART. 272. Slavery.—The penalty of prision mayor and a fine of not exceeding 10,000 pesos shall be imposed upon anyone who shall purchase, sell, kidnap or detain a human being for the purpose of enslaving him.

If the crime be committed for the purpose of assigning the offended party to some immoral traffic, the penalty shall be imposed in its maximum period.

ART. 273. Exploitation of child labor.—The penalty of prision correccional in its minimum and medium periods and a fine not exceeding 500 pesos shall be imposed upon anyone who, under the pretext of reimbursing himself of a debt incurred by an ascendant, guardian or person entrusted with the custody of a minor, shall, against the latter's will, retain him in his service.

ART. 274. Services rendered under compulsion in payment of debts.—The penalty of arresto mayor; in its maximum period to prision correccional in its minimum period shall be imposed upon any person who, in order to require or enforce the payment of a debt, shall compel the debtor to work for him, against his will, as household servant or farm laborer.

CHAPTER TWO

CRIMES AGAINST SECURITY

SECTION ONE.—Abandonment of helpless persons and exploitation of minors
ART. 275. Abandonment of persons in danger and abandonment of one's own victim.—The penalty of arresto mayor shall be imposed upon:

1. Anyone who shall fail to render assistance to any person whom he shall find in an uninhabited place wounded or in danger of dying, when he can render such assistance without detriment to himself, unless such omission shall constitute a more serious offense.
   
   
2. Anyone who shall fail to help or render assistance to another whom he has accidentally wounded or injured.
   
   
3. Anyone who, having found an abandoned child under seven years of age, shall fail to deliver said child to the authorities or to his family, or shall fail to take him to a safe place.

ART. 276. Abandoning a minor.—The penalty of arresto mayor and a fine not exceeding 500 pesos shall be imposed upon anyone who shall abandon a child under seven years of age, the custody of which is incumbent upon him.

When the death of the minor shall result from such abandonment, the culprit shall be punished by prision correccional in its medium and maximum periods; but if the life of the minor shall have been in danger only, the penalty shall be prision correccional in its minimum and medium periods.

The provisions contained in the two preceding paragraphs shall not prevent the imposition of the penalty provided for the act committed, when the same shall constitute a more serious offense.

ART. 277. Abandonment of minor by person entrusted with his custody; indifference of parents.—The penalty of arresto mayor and fine not exceeding 500 pesos shall be imposed upon anyone who, having charge of the rearing or education of a minor, shall deliver said minor to a public institution or other persons, without the consent of the one who entrusted such child to his care or in the absence of the latter, without the consent of the proper authorities.

The same penalty shall be imposed upon the parents who shall neglect their children by not giving them the education which their station in life require and financial condition permit.

ART. 278. Exploitation of minors.—The penalty of prision correccional in its minimum and medium periods and a fine not exceeding 500 pesos shall be imposed upon:

1. Any person who shall cause any boy or girl under sixteen years of age to perform any dangerous feat of balancing, physical strength or contortion.
   
   
2. Any person who, being an acrobat, gymnast, rope-walker, diver, wild-animal tamer or circus manager or engaged in a similar calling, shall employ in exhibitions of these kinds children under sixteen years of age who are not his children or descendants.
   
   
3. Any person engaged in any of the callings enumerated in the next preceding paragraph who shall employ any descendant of his under twelve years of age in such dangerous exhibitions.
   
   
4. Any ascendant, guardian, teacher or person entrusted in any capacity with the care of a child under sixteen years of age, who shall deliver such child gratuitously to any person following any of the callings enumerated in paragraph 2 hereof, or to any habitual vagrant or beggar.
   
   If the delivery shall have been made in consideration of any price, compensation, or promise, the penalty shall in every case be imposed in its maximum period.
   
   In either case, the guardian or curator convicted shall also be removed from office as guardian or curator; and in the case of the parents of the child, they may be deprived, temporarily or perpetually, in the discretion of the court, of their parental authority.
   
   
5. Any person who shall induce any child under sixteen years of age to abandon the home of its ascendants, guardians, curators or teachers to follow any person engaged in any of the callings mentioned in paragraph 2 hereof, or to accompany any habitual vagrant or beggar.

ART. 279. Additional penalties for other offenses.—The imposition ot the penalties prescribed in the preceding articles, shall not prevent the imposition upon the same person of the penalty provided for any other felonies defined and punished by this Code.

SECTION TWO.—Trespass to dwelling

Art. 280. Qualified trespass to dwelling.—Any private person who shall enter the dwelling of another against the latter's will, shall be punished by arresto mayor and a fine not exceeding 1,000 pesos.

If the offense be committed by means of violence or intimidation, the penalty shall be prision correccional in its medium and maximum periods and a fine not exceeding 1,000 pesos.

The provisions of this article shall not be applicable to any person who shall enter another's dwelling for the purpose of preventing some serious harm to himself, the occupants of the dwelling or a third person, nor shall it be applicable to any person who shall enter a dwelling for the purpose of rendering some service to humanity or justice, nor to anyone who shall enter cafes, taverns, inns and other public houses, while the same are open.

ART. 281. Other forms of trespass.—The penalty of arresto menor or a fine not exceeding 200 pesos, or both, shall be imposed upon any person who shall enter the closed premises or the fenced estate of another, while either of them are uninhabited, if the prohibition to enter be manifest and the trespasser has not secured the permission of the owner or the caretaker thereof.

SECTION THREE.—Threats and coercion
ART. 282. Grave threats.—Any person who shall threaten another with the infliction upon the person, honor or property of the latter or of his family of any wrong amounting to a crime, shall suffer:

1. The penalty next lower in degree than that prescribed by law for the crime he threatened to commit, if the offender shall have made the threat demanding money or imposing any other condition, even though not unlawful, and said offender shall have attained his purpose. If the offender shall not have attained his purpose, the penalty lower by two degrees shall be imposed.
   
   If the threat be made in writing or through a middleman, the penalty shall be imposed in its maximum period.
   
   
2. The penalty of arresto mayor and a fine not exceeding 500 pesos, if the threat shall not have been made subject to a condition.

ART. 283. Light threats.—A threat to commit a wrong not constituting a crime, made in the manner expressed in subdivision 1 of the next preceding article, shall be punished by arresto mayor.

ART. 284. Bond for good behavior.—In all cases falling within the two next preceding articles, the person making the threats may also be required to give bail not to molest the person threatened, or if he shall fail to give such bail, he shall be sentenced to destierro.

ART. 285. Other light threats.—The penalty of arresto menor in its minimum period or a fine not exceeding 200 pesos shall be imposed upon:

1. Any person who, without being included in the provisions of the next preceding article, shall threat another with a weapon, or draw such weapon in a quarrel, unless it be in lawful self-defense.
   
   
2. Any person who, in the heat of anger, shall orally threaten another with some harm not constituting a crime, and who by subsequent acts shows that he did not persist in the idea involved in his threat, provided that the circumstances of the offense shall not bring it within the provisions of article 282 of this Code.
   
   
3. Any person who shall orally threaten to do another any harm not constituting a felony.

ART. 286. Grave coercions.—The penalty of arresto mayor and a fine not exceeding 500 pesos shall be imposed upon any person who, without authority of law, shall, by means of violence, prevent another from doing something not prohibited by law, or compel him to do something against his will, whether it be right or wrong.

If the coercion be committed for the purpose of compelling another to perform any religious act or to prevent him from so doing, the penalty next higher in degree shall be imposed.

ART. 287. Light coercions.—Any person who, by means of violence, shall seize anything belonging to his debtor for the purpose of applying the same to the payment of the debt, shall suffer the penalty of arresto mayor in its minimum period and a fine equivalent to the value of the thing, but in no case less than 75 pesos.

Any other coercions or unjust vexations shall be punished by arresto menor or a fine ranging from 5 to 200 pesos, or both.

ART. 288. Other similar coercions—(Compulsory purchase of merchandise and payment of wages by means of tokens).—The penalty of arresto mayor or a fine ranging from 200 to 500 pesos, or both, shall be imposed upon any person, agent or officer of any association or corporation who shall force or compel, directly or indirectly, or shall knowingly permit any laborer or employee employed by him or by such firm or corporation to be forced or compelled, to purchase merchandise or commodities of any kind.

The same penalties shall be imposed upon any person who shall pay the wages due a laborer or employee employed by him, by means of tokens or objects other than the legal tender currency of the Philippine Islands, unless expressly nance and prohibition requested by the laborer or employee.

ART. 289. Formation, maintenance and prohibition of combination of capital or labor through violence or threats.—The penalty of arresto mayor and a fine not exceeding 300 pesos shall be imposed upon any person who, for the purpose of organizing, maintaining or preventing coalitions of capital or labor, strike of laborers or lockout of employers, shall employ violence or threats in such a degree as to compel or force the laborers or employers in the free and legal exercise of their industry or work, if the act shall not constitute a more serious offense in accordance with the provisions of this Code.

CHAPTER THREE

DISCOVERY AND REVELATION OF SECRETS

ART. 290. Discovering secrets through seizure of correspondence.—The penalty of prision correccional in its minimum and medium periods and fine not exceeding 500 pesos shall be imposed upon any private individual who in order to discover secrets of another, shall seize his papers or letters and reveal the contents thereof.

If the offender shall not reveal such secrets, the penalty shall be arresto mayor and a fine not exceeding 500 pesos.

This provision shall not be applicable to parents, guardians, or persons entrusted with the custody of minors with respect to the papers or letters of the children or minors placed under their care or custody, nor to spouses with respect to the papers or letters of either of them.

ART. 291. Revealing secrets with abuse of office.—The penalty of arresto mayor and a fine not exceeding 500 pesos shall be imposed upon any manager, employee, or servant who, in such capacity, shall learn the secrets of his principal or master and shall reveal such secrets.

ART. 292. Revelation of industrial secrets.—The penalty of prision correccional in its minimum and medium periods and fine not exceeding 500 pesos shall be imposed upon the person in charge, employee or workman of any manufacturing or industrial establishment who, to the prejudice of the owner thereof, shall reveal the secrets of the industry of the latter.

TITLE TEN

CRIMES AGAINST PROPERTY

CHAPTER ONE

ROBBERY IN GENERAL

ART. 293. Who are guilty of robbery.—Any person who, with intent to gain, shall take any personal property belonging to another, by means of violence against or intimidation of any person, or using force upon anything, shall be guilty of robbery.

SECTION ONE.—Robbery with violence against or intimidation of persons
ART. 294. Robbery with violence against or intimidation of persons—Penalties.—Any person guilty of robbery with the use of violence against or intimidation of any person shall suffer:

1. The penalty of reclusion perpetua to death, when by reason or on occasion of the robbery, the crime of homicide shall have been committed.
   
   
2. The penalty of reclusion temporal in its medium period to reclusion perpetua, when the robbery shall have been accompanied by rape or intentional mutilation, or if by reason or on occasion of such robbery, any of the physical injuries penalized in subdivision 1 of article 263 shall have been inflicted, or the person robbed shall have been held for ransom or deprived of his liberty for more than one day.
   
   
3. The penalty of reclusion temporal, when by reason or on occasion of the robbery, any of the physical injuries penalized in subdivision 2 of the article mentioned in the next preceding paragraph, shall have been inflicted.
   
   
4. The penalty of prision mayor in its medium period to reclusion temporal in its minimum period, if the violence or intimidation employed in the commission of the robbery shall have been carried to a degree clearly unnecessary for the commisison of the crime, or when in the course of its execution, the offender shall have inflicted upon any person not responsible for its commission any of the physical injuries covered by subdivisions 3 and 4 of said article 263.
   
   
5. The penalty of prision correccional to prision mayor in its medium period in other cases.

ART. 295. Robbery with physical injuries, committed in an uninhabited place and by a band.—If the offenses mentioned in subdivisions 3, 4 and 5 of the next preceding article shall have been committed in an uninhabited place and by a band, or by attacking a moving train, street car, motor vehicle or airship, or by .entering the passengers' compartments in a train or, in any manner, taking the passengers thereof by surprise in the respective conveyances, the offender shall be punished by the maximum period of the proper penalites.

In the same cases, the penalty next higher in degree shall be imposed upon the leader of the band.

ART. 296. Definition of a band and penalty incurred by the members thereof.—When more than three armed malefactors take part in the commission of a robbery, it shall be deemed to have been committed by a band (cuadrilla).

Any member of a band who is present at the commission of a robbery in an uninhabited place and by a band, shall be punished as principal of any of the assaults committed by the band, unless it be shown that he attempted to prevent the same.

ART. 297. Attempted and frustrated robbery committed under certain circumstances.—When by reason or on occasion of an attempted or frustrated robbery a homicide is committed the person guilty of such offenses shall be punished by reclusion temporal in its maximum period to reclusion perpetua, unless the homicide committed shall deserve a higher penalty under the provisions of this Code.

ART. 298. Execution of deeds by means of violence or intimidation.—Any person who, with intent to defraud another, by means of violence or intimidation, shall compel him to sign, execute or deliver any public instrument or document, shall be held guilty of robbery and punished by the penalties respectively prescribed in this Chapter.

SECTION TWO.—Robbery by the use of force upon things
ART. 299. Robbery in an inhabited house or public building or edifice devoted to worship.—Any armed person who bunding or edifice shall commit robbery in an inhabited house or public building or edifice devoted to religious worship, shall be punished by prision mayor in its medium period to reclusion temporal in its minimum period, if the value of the property taken shall exceed 250 pesos, and if—

1. The malefactors shall enter the house or building in which the robbery was committed, by any of the following means:
   
   
   1. Through an opening not intended for entrance or egress;
      
      
   2. By breaking any wall, roof, or floor or breaking any door or window;
      
      
   3. By using false keys, picklocks or similar tools;
      
      
   4. By using any fictitious name or pretending the exercise of public authority; or if—
2. The robbery be committed under any of the following circumstances:
   
   
   1. By the breaking of doors, wardrobes, chests, or any other kind of locked or sealed furniture or receptacle;
      
      
   2. By taking such furniture or objects away to be broken of forced open outside the place of the robbery.

When the offenders do not carry arms, and the value of the property taken exceeds 250 pesos, the penalty next lower in degree shall be imposed.

The same rule shall be applied when the offenders are armed, but the value of the property taken does not exceed 250 pesos.

When said offenders do not carry arms and the value of the property taken does not exceed 250 pesos, they shall suffer the penalty prescribed in the two next preceding paragraphs, in its minimum period.

If the robbery be committed in one of the dependencies of an inhabited house, public building, or building dedicated to religious worship, the penalties next lower in degree than those prescribed in this article shall be imposed.

ART. 300. Robbery in an uninhabited place and by a band.—The robbery mentioned m the next preceding article, to a band, if committed in an uninhabited place and by a band, shall be punished by the maximum period of the penalty provided therefor.

ART. 301. What is an inhabited house, public building or building dedicated to religious worship and their dependencies.—Inhabited house means any shelter, ship or vessel constituting the dwelling of one or more persons, even though the inhabitants thereof shall temporarily be absent therefrom when the robbery is committed.

All interior courts, corrals, warehouses, granaries, barns, coachhouses, stables or other departments or inclosed places contiguous to the building or edifice, having an interior entrance connected therewith, and which form part of the whole, shall be deemed dependencies of an inhabited house, public building or building dedicated to religious worship.

Orchards and other lands used for cultivation or production are not included in the terms of the next preceding paragraph, even if closed, contiguous to the building and having direct connection therewith.

The term "public building" includes every building owned by the Government or belonging to a private person but used or rented by the Government, although temporarily unoccupied by the same.

ART. 302. Robbery in an uninhabited place or in a private building.—Any robbery committed in an uninhabited place or in a building other than those mentioned in the first paragraph of article 299, if the value of the property taken exceeds 250 pesos, shall be punished by prision correccional in its medium and maximum periods provided that any of the following circumstances is present:

1. If the entrance has been effected through any opening not intended for entrance or egress
   .
2. If any wall, roof, floor or outside door or window has been broken.
   
   
3. If the entrance has been effected through the use of false keys, picklocks or other similar tools.
   
   
4. If any door, wardrobe, chest, or any sealed or closed furniture or receptacle has been broken.
   
   
5. If any closed or sealed receptacle, as mentioned in the preceding paragraph, has been removed, even if the same be broken open elsewhere.

When the value of the property taken does not exceed 250 pesos, the penalty next lower in degree shall be imposed.

In the cases specified in articles 294, 295, 297, 299, 300, and 302 of this Code, when the property taken is large cattle, the offender shall suffer the penalties next higher in degree than those provided in said articles.

ART. 303. Robbery of cereals, fruits or firewood in an uninhabitted place or private building.—In the cases enumerated articles 299 and 302, when the robbery consists in the taking of cereals, fruits, or firewood, the culprit shall suffer the penalty next lower in degree than that prescribed in said articles.

ART. 304. Possession of picklocks or similar tools.—Any person who shall without lawful cause have in his possession picklocks or similar tools specially adapted to the commission of the crime of robbery, shall be punished by arresto mayor in its maximum period to prision correccional in its minimum period.

The same penalty shall be imposed upon any person who shall make such tools. If the offender be a locksmith, he shall suffer the penalty of prision correccional in its medium and maximum periods.

ART. 305. False keys.—The term "false keys" shall be deemed to include:

1. The tools mentioned in the next preceding article.
   
   
2. Genuine keys stolen from the owner.
   
   
3. Any keys other than those intended by the owner for use in the lock forcibly opened by the offender.

CHAPTER TWO

BRIGANDAGE
ART. 306. Who are brigands—Penalty.—When three or more armed persons form a band of robbers for the purpose of committing robbery in the highway, or kidnapping persons for the purpose of extortion or to obtain ransom, for any other purpose to be attained by means of force and violence, they shall be deemed highway robbers or brigands.

Persons found guilty of this offense shall be punished by prision mayor in its medium period to reclusion temporal in its minimum period if the act or acts committed by them are not punishable by higher penalties, in which case, they shall suffer such higher penalties.

ART. 307. Aiding and abetting a band of brigands.—Any person knowingly and in any manner aiding, abetting or protecting a band of brigands as described in the next preceding article, or giving them information of the movements of the police or other peace officers of the Government or of the forces of the United States Army, when the latter are acting in aid of the Government, or acquiring or receiving the property taken by such brigands, shall be punished by prision correccional in its medium period to prision mayor in its minimum period.

It shall be presumed that the person performing any of the acts provided in this article has performed them knowingly, unless the contrary is proven.

CHAPTER THREE

THEFT

ART. 308. Who are liable for theft.—Theft is committed by any person who, with intent to gain but without violence against or intimidation of persons nor force upon things, shall take personal property of another without the latter's consent.

Theft is likewise committed by:

1. Any person who, having found lost property, shall fail to deliver the same to the local authorities or to its owner;
   
   
2. Any person who, after having maliciously damaged the property of another, shall remove or make use of the fruits or object of the damage caused by him; and
   
   
3. Any person who shall enter an inclosed estate or a field where trespass is forbidden or which belongs to another and without the consent of its owner, shall hunt or fish upon the same or shall gather fruits, cereals, or other forest or farm products.

ART. 309. Penalties.—Any person guilty of theft shall be punished by:

1. The penalty of prision mayor in its minimum and medium periods, if the value of the thing stolen is more than 12,000 pesos but does not exceed 22,000 pesos; but if the value of the thing stolen exceeds the latter amount, the penalty shall be the maximum period of the one prescribed in this paragraph, and one year for each additional ten thousand pesos, but the total of the penalty which may be imposed shall not exceed twenty years. In such cases, and in connection with the accessory penalties which may be imposed and for the purpose of the other provisions of this Code, the penalty shall be termed prision mayor or reclusion temporal, as the case may be.
   
   
2. The penalty of prision correccional in its medium and maximum periods, if the value of the thing stolen is more than 6,000 pesos but does not exceed 12,000 pesos.
   
   
3. The penalty of prision correccional in its minimum and medium periods, if the value of the property stolen is more than 200 pesos but does not exceed 6,000 pesos.
   
   
4. Arresto mayor in its medium period to prision correccional in its minimum period, if the value of the property stolen is over 50 pesos but does not exceed 200 pesos.
   
   
5. Arresto mayor to its full extent, if such value is over 5 pesos but does not exceed 50 pesos.
   
   
6. Arresto mayor in its minimum and medium periods, if such value does not exceed 5 pesos.
   
   
7. Arresto menor or a fine not exceeding 200 pesos, if the theft is committed under the circumstances enumerated in paragraph 3 of the next "preceding article and the value of the thing stolen does not exceed 5 pesos. If such value exceeds said amount, the provisions of any of the five preceding subdivisions shall be made applicable.
   
   
8. Arresto menor in its minimum period or a fine not exceeding 50 pesos, when the value of the thing stolen is not over five pesos, and the offender shall have acted under the impulse of hunger, poverty, or the difficulty of earning a livelihood for the support of himself or his family.

ART. 310. Qualified theft.—The crime of theft shall be punished by the penalties next higher in degree than those respectively specified in the next preceding article, if committed by a domestic servant, or with grave abuse of confidence, or if the property stolen is large cattle or consists of coconuts, or fish taken from a fishpond or fishery.

ART. 311. Theft of the property of the National Library and National Museum.—If the property stolen be any property of the National Library or of the National Museum, the penalty shall be arresto mayor or a fine ranging from 200 to 500 pesos, or both, unless a higher penalty should be provided under other provisions of this Code, in which case, the offender shall be punished by such higher penalty.

CHAPTER FOUR

USURPATION

ART. 312. Occupation of real property or usurpation of real rights in real rights in property.—Any person who, by means of violence against or intimidation of persons, shall take possession of any real property or shall usurp any real rights in property belonging to another, in addition to the penalty incurred for the acts of violence executed by him, shall be punished by a fine of from 50 to 100 per centum of the gain which he shall have obtained, but not less than 75 pesos.

If the value of the gain cannot be ascertained, a fine of from 200 to 500 pesos shall be imposed.

ART. 313. Altering boundaries or landmarks.—Any person who shall alter the boundary marks or monuments of towns, provinces, or estates, or any other marks intended to designate the boundaries of the same, shall be punished by arresto menor or a fine not exceeding 100 pesos, or both.

CHAPTER FIVE

CULPABLE INSOLVENCY

ART. 314. Fraudulent insolvency.—Any person who shall abscond with his property to the prejudice of his creditors, shall suffer the penalty of prision mayor, if he be a merchant, and the penalty of prision correccional in its maximum period to prision mayor in its medium period, if he be not a merchant.

CHAPTER SIX

SWINDLING AND OTHER DECEITS
ART. 315. Swindling (estafa).—Any person who shall defraud another by any of the means mentioned hereinbelow shall be punished by:

1st. The penalty of prision correccional in its maximum period to prision mayor in its minimum period, if the amount of the fraud is over 12,000 pesos but does not exceed 22,000 pesos, and if such amount exceeds the latter sum, the penalty provided in this paragraph shall be imposed in its maximum period, adding one year for each additional 10,000 pesos; but the total penalty which may be imposed shall not exceed twenty years. In such cases, and in connection with the accessory penalties which may be imposed and for the purpose of the other provisions of this Code, the penalty shall be termed prision mayor or reclusion temporal, as the case may be.

2d. The penalty of prision correccional in its minimum and medium periods, if the amount of the fraud is over 6,000 pesos but does not exceed 12,000 pesos.

3d. The penalty of arresto mayor in its maximum period to prision correccional in its minimum period, if such amount is over 200 pesos but does not exceed 6,000 pesos; and

4th. By arresto mayor in its medium and.maximum periods, if such amount does not exceed 200 pesos, provided that in the four cases mentioned, the fraud be committed by any of the following means:

1. With unfaithfulness or abuse of confidence, namely:
   
   
   1. By altering the substance, quantity, or quality of anything of value which the offender shall deliver by virtue of an obligation to do so, even though such obligation be based on an immoral or illegal consideration.
      
      
   2. By misappropriating or converting, to the prejudice of another, money, goods, or any other personal property received by the offender in trust or on commission, or for administration, or under any other obligation involving the duty to make delivery of or to return the same, even though such obligation be totally or partially guaranteed by a bond; or by denying having received such money, goods, or other property.
      
      
   3. By taking undue advantage of the signature of the offended party in blank, and by writing any document above such signature in blank, to the prejudice of the offended party or any third person.
2. By means of any of the following false pretenses or fraudulent acts executed prior to or simultaneously with the commission of the fraud:
   
   
   1. By using fictitious name, or falsely pretending to possess power, influence, qualifications, property, credit, agency, business or imaginary transactions, or by means of other similar deceits.
      
      
   2. By altering the quality, fineness or weight of anything pertaining to his art or business.
      
      
   3. By pretending to have bribed any Government employee, without prejudice to the action for calumny which the offended party may deem proper to bring against the offender. In this case, the offender shall be punished by the maximum period of the penalty.
      
      
   4. By postdating a check, or issuing such check in payment of an obligation, the offender knowing that at the time he had no funds in the bank, or the funds deposited by him in the bank were not sufficient to cover the amount of the check, and without informing the payee of such circumstances.
3. Through any of the following fraudulent means:
   
   
   1. By inducing another, by means of deceit, to sign any document.
      
      
   2. By resorting to some fraudulent practice to insure success in a gambling game.
      
      
   3. By removing, concealing or destroying, in whole or in part, any court record, office files, document or any other papers.

ART. 316. Other forms of swindling.—The penalty of arresto mayor in its minimum and medium periods and a fine of not less than the value of the damage caused and not more than three times such value, shall be imposed upon:

1. Any person who, pretending to be the owner of any real property, shall convey, sell, encumber or mortgage the same.
   
   
2. Any person who, knowing that real property is encumbered, shall dispose of the same, although such encumbrance be not recorded.
   
   
3. The owner of any personal property who shall wrongfully take it from its lawful possessor, to the prejudice of the latter or any third person.
   
   
4. Any person who, to the prejudice of another, shall execute any fictitious contract.
   
   
5. Any person who shall accept any compensation given him under the belief that it was in payment of services rendered or labor performed by him, when in fact he did not actually perform such services or labor.
   
   
6. Any person who, while being a surety in a bond given in a criminal or civil action, without express authority from the court or before the cancellation of his bond or before being relieved from the obligation contracted by him, shall sell, mortgage, or, in any other manner, encumber the real property or properties with which he guaranteed the fulfillment of such obligation.

ART. 317. Swindling a minor.—Any person who, taking advantage of the inexperience or emotions or feelings of a minor, to his detriment, shall induce him to assume any obligation or to give any release or execute a transfer of any property right in consideration of some loan of money, credit or other personal property, whether the loan clearly appears in the document or is shown in any other form, shall suffer the penalty of arresto mayor and a fine of a sum ranging from 10 to 50 per cent of the value of the obligation contracted by the minor.

ART. 318. Other deceits.—The penalty of arresto mayor and a fine of not less than the amount of the damage caused and not more than twice such amount shall be imposed upon any person who shall defraud or damage another by any other deceit not mentioned in the preceding articles of this chapter.

Any person who, for profit or gain, shall interpret dreams, make forecasts, tell fortunes, or take advantage of the credulity of the public in any other similar manner, shall suffer the penalty of arresto menor or a fine not exceeding 200 pesos.

CHAPTER SEVEN

CHATTEL MORTGAGE
ART. 319. Removal, sale or pledge of mortgaged property.—The penalty of arresto mayor or a fine amounting to twice the value of the property shall be imposed upon:

1. Any person who shall knowingly remove any personal property mortgaged under the Chattel Mortgage Law to any province or city other than the one in which it was located at the time of the execution of the mortgage, without the written consent of the mortgagee or his executors, administrators or assigns.
   
   
2. Any mortgagor who shall sell or pledge personal property already pledged, or any part thereof, under the terms of the Chattel Mortgage Law, without the consent of the mortgagee written on the back of the mortgage and noted on the record thereof in the office of the register of deeds of the province where such property is located.

CHAPTER EIGHT

ARSON AND OTHER CRIMES INVOLVING DESTRUCTION
ART. 320. Destructive arson.—The penalty of reclusion temporal in its maximum period to reclusion perpetua shall be imposed upon any person who shall burn:

1. Any arsenal, shipyard, storehouse or military powder or fireworks factory, ordnance storehouse, archives or general museum of the Government.
   
   
2. Any passenger train or motor vehicle in motion or vessel out of port.
   
   
3. In an inhabited place, any storehouse or factory of inflammable or explosive materials.
   
   
4. Any theater, church, cockpit, or other building where meetings are held, when occupied by a numerous assemblage.

ART. 321. Other forms of arson.—When the arson consists in the burning of other property and under the circumstances given hereunder, the offender shall be punished:

1. By reclusion temporal to reclusion perpetua, if the offender shall set fire to any building, farm-house, warehouse, hut, shelter, or vessel in port, knowing it to be occupied at the time by one or more persons.
   
   
2. By reclusion temporal:
   
   
   1. If the building burned is a public building and the value of the damage caused exceeds 6,000 pesos;
      
      
   2. If an inhabited house or any other building in which people are accustomed to meet is set on fire, and the culprit did not know that such house or building was occupied at the time, or if he shall set fire to a moving freight train or motor vehicle, and the value of the damage caused exceeds 6,000 pesos.
3. By prision mayor:
   
   
   1. If the value of the damage caused in the cases mentioned in the next preceding subdivision does not exceed 6,000 pesos.
      
      
   2. If a building not used as a dwelling or place of assembly, located in a populated place, is set on fire, and the damage caused exceeds 6,000 pesos;
      
      
   3. If a farm, sugar mill, cane mill, central, mill, bamboo groves or any similar plantation is set on fire, and the damage caused exceeds 6,000 pesos.
4. By prision correccional in its maximum period to prision mayor in its medium period, when the damage caused exceeds 6,000 pesos and the following are set on fire:
   
   
   1. A building used as a dwelling located in an uninhabited place; or
      
      
   2. Grain fields, pasture lands, forests, or plantings.
5. By prision correccional in its medium period to prision mayor in its minimum period, when the damage caused is over 200 pesos but does not exceed 1,000 pesos, and any of the property referred to in paragraphs (a) and (b) of the next preceding subdivision is set on fire; but when the value of such property does not exceed 200 pesos, the penalty next lower in degree than that prescribed in this subdivision shall be imposed when the property burned is a building used as a dwelling in an uninhabited place, and the penalty of arresto menor and a fine ranging from fifty to one hundred per centum of the damage caused shall be imposed, when the property burned consist of grain fields, pasture lands, forests or plantations.
   
   
6. The penalty of prision correccional in its medium and maximum periods, if the damage caused in the cases mentioned in paragraphs (b) and (c) of subdivision 3 of this article does not exceed 6,000 pesos but is over 200.
   
   
7. The penalty of prision correccional in its minimum and medium periods, if the damage caused in the cases mentioned in paragraphs (b) and (c) of subdivision 3 of this article does not exceed 200 pesos.

ART. 322. Cases of arson not included in the preceding articles.—Cases of arson not included in the next preceding articles shall be punished:

1. By arresto mayor in its medium and maximum periods, when the damage caused does not exceed 50 pesos;
   
   
2. By arresto mayor in its maximum period to prision correccional in its minimum period, when the damage caused is over 50 pesos but does not exceed 200;
   
   
3. By prision correccional in its minimum and medium periods, if the damage caused is over 200 pesos but does not exceed 1,000; and
   
   
4. By prision correccional in its medium and maximum periods, if it is over 1,000 pesos.

ART. 323. Arson of property of small value.—The arson of any uninhabited hut, storehouse, barn, shed, or any other property the value of which does not exceed 25 pesos, committed at a time or under circumstances which clearly  v exclude all danger of the fire spreading, shall not be punished by the penalties respectively prescribed in this chapter, but in accordance with the damage caused and under the provisions of the following chapter.

ART. 324. Crimes involving destruction.—Any person who shall cause destruction by means of explosion, discharge of electric current, inundation, sinking or stranding of a vessel, intentional damaging of the engine of said vessel, taking up the rails from a railway track, maliciously changing railway signals for the safety of moving trains, destroying telegraph wires and telegraph posts, or those of any other system, and, in general, by using any other agency or means of destruction as effective as those above enumerated, shall be punished by reclusion temporal if the commission has endangered the safety of any person; otherwise, the penalty of prision mayor shall be imposed.

ART. 325. Burning one's own property as a means to commit arson.—Any person guilty of arson or causing great destruction of property belonging to another shall suffer the penalties prescribed in this chapter, even though he shall bave set fire to or destroyed his own property for the purpose of committing the crime.

ART. 326. Setting fire to property exclusively owned by the offender.—If the property burned shall be the exclusive property of the offender, he shall be punished by arresto mayor in its maximum period to prision correccional in its minimum period, if the arson shall have been committed for the purpose of defrauding or causing damage to another, or if, though such purpose be lacking, said damage or prejudice shall actually have been caused, or if the thing burned shall have been a building in an inhabited place.

CHAPTER NINE

MALICIOUS MISCHIEF
ART. 327. Who are liable for malicious mischief.—Any person who shall deliberately cause to the property of another any damage not falling within the terms of the next preceding chapter shall be guilty of malicious mischief.

Art. 328. Special cases of malicious mischief.—Any person who shall cause damage to obstruct the performance of public functions, or using any poisonous or corrosive substance; or spreading any infection or contagion among cattle; or who causes damage to the property of the National Museum or National Library, or to any archive or registry, waterworks, road, promenade, or any other thing used in common by the public, shall be punished:

1. By prision correccional in its minimum and medium periods, if the value of the damage caused exceeds 1,000 pesos;
   
   
2. By arresto mayor, if such value does not exceed the above-mentioned amount but is over 200 pesos; and
   
   
3. By arresto menor, if such value does not exceed 200 pesos.

ART. 329. Other mischiefs.—The mischiefs not included in the next preceding article shall be punished:

1. By arresto mayor in its medium and maximum periods, if the value of the damage caused exceeds 1,000 pesos;
   
   
2. By arresto mayor in its minimum and medium periods, if such value is over 200 pesos but does not exceed 1,000; and
   
   
3. By arresto menor or fine of not less than the value of the damage caused and not more than three times such value, if the amount involved exceeds 200 pesos or cannot be estimated.

ART. 330. Damages and obstruction to means of communication.—The penalty of prision correccional in its medium and maximum periods shall be imposed upon any person who shall damage any railway, telegraph or telephone lines.

If the damage shall result in any derailment of cars, collision or other accident, the penalty of prision mayor shall be imposed, without prejudice to the criminal liability of the offender for the other consequences of his criminal act.

For the purpose of the provisions of this article, the electric wires, traction cables, signal system and other things pertaining to railways, shall be deemed to constitute an integral part of a railway system.

ART. 331. Destroying or damaging statues, public monuments or paintings.—Any person who shall destroy or damage statues or any other useful or ornamental public monument, shall suffer the penalty of arresto mayor in its medium period to prision correccional in its minimum period.

Any person who shall destroy or damage any useful or ornamental painting of a public nature shall' suffer the penalty of arresto menor or a fine not exceeding 200 pesos, or both such fine and imprisonment, in the discretion of the court.

CHAPTER TEN

EXEMPTION FROM CRIMINAL LIABILITY IN CRIMES AGAINST PROPERTY

ART. 332. Persons exempt from criminal liability.—No criminal, but only civil liability, shall result from the commission of the crime of theft, swindling or malicious mischief committed or caused mutually by the following persons:

1. Spouses, ascendants and descendants, or relatives by affinity in the same line;
   
   
2. The widowed spouse with respect to the property which belonged to the deceased spouse before the same shall have passed into the possession of another; and
   
   
3. Brothers and sisters and brothers-in-law and sisters-in-law, if living together.

The exemption established by this article shall not be applicable to strangers participating in the commission of the crime.

TITLE ELEVEN

CRIMES AGAINST CHASTITY

CHAPTER ONE

ADULTERY AND CONCUBINAGE
ART. 333. Who are guilty of adultery.—Adultery is committed by any married woman who shall have sexual inter-course with a man not her husband and by the man who has carnal knowledge of her, knowing her to be married, even if the marriage be subsequently declared void.

Adultery shall be punished by prision correccional in its medium and maximum periods.

If the person guilty of adultery committed this offense while being abandoned without justification by the offended spouse, the penalty next lower in degree than that provided in the next preceding paragraph shall be imposed.

ART. 334. Concubinage.—Any husband who shall keep a mistress in the conjugal dwelling, or, shall have sexual intercourse, under scandalous circumstances, with a woman who is not his wife, or shall cohabit with her in .any other place, shall be punished by prision correccional in its minimum and medium periods.

The concubine shall suffer the penalty of destierro.

CHAPTER TWO

RAPE AND ACTS OF LASCIVIOUSNESS
ART. 335. When and how rape is committed.—Rape is committed by having carnal knowledge of a woman under any of the following circumstances:

1. By using force or intimidation;
   
   
2. When the woman is deprived of reason or otherwise unconscious; and
   
   
3. When the woman is under twelve years of age, even though neither of the circumstances mentioned in the two next preceding paragraphs shall be present.

The crime of rape shall be punished by reclusion temporal.

ART. 336. Acts of lasciviousness.—Any person who shall commit any act of lasciviousness upon other persons of either sex, under any of the circumstances mentioned in the preceding article, shall be punished by prision correccional.

CHAPTER THREE

SEDUCTION, CORRUPTION OF MINORS AND WHITE SLAVE TRADE
ART. 337. Qualified seduction.—The seduction of a virgin over twelve years and under eighteen years of age, committed by any person in public authority, priest, house-servant, domestic, guardian, teacher, or any person who, in any capacity, shall be entrusted with the education or custody of the woman seduced, shall be punished by prision correccional in its minimum and medium periods.

The penalty next higher in degree shall be imposed upon any person who shall seduce his sister or descendant, whether or not she be a virgin or over eighteen years of age.

Under the provisions of this Chapter, seduction is committed when the offender has carnal knowledge of any of the persons and under the circumstances described herein.

ART. 338. Simple seduction.—The seduction of a woman who is single or a widow of good reputation, over twelve but under eighteen years of age, committed by means of deceit, shall be punished by arresto mayor.

ART. 339. Acts of lasciviousness with the consent of the offended party.—The penalty of arresto mayor shall be imposed to punish any other acts of lasciviousness committed by the same persons and the same circumstances as those provided in articles 337 and 338.

ART. 340. Corruption of minors.—Any person who shall habitually or with abuse of authority or confidence, promote or facilitate the prostitution or corruption of persons under age to satisfy the lust of another, shall be punished by prision correccional in its minimum and medium periods, and if the culprit be a public officer, he shall also suffer the penalty of temporary absolute disqualification.

ART. 341. White slave trade.—The penalty of prision correccional in its medium and maximum periods shall be imposed upon any person who, in any manner, or under any pretext, shall engage in the business or shall profit by prostitution or shall enlist the services of women for the purpose of prostitution.

CHAPTER FOUR

ABDUCTION
ART. 342. Forcible abduction.—The abduction of any woman against her will and with lewd designs shall be punished by reclusion temporal.

The same penalty shall be imposed in every case, if the female abducted be under twelve years of age.

ART. 343. Consented abduction.—The abduction of a virgin over twelve and under eighteen years of age, carried out with her consent and with lewd designs, shall be punished by the penalty of prision correccional in its minimum and medium periods.

CHAPTER FIVE

PROVISIONS RELATIVE TO THE PRECEDING CHAPTERS OF TITLE ELEVEN

ART. 344. Prosecution of the crimes of adultery, concubinage, seduction, abduction, rape and acts of lasciviousness.—The crimes of adultery and concubinage shall not be prosecuted except upon a complaint filed by the offended spouse.

The offended party cannot institute criminal prosecution without including both the guilty parties, if they are both alive, nor, in any case, if he shall have consented or pardoned the offenders.

The offenses of seduction, abduction, rape or acts of lasciviousness, shall not be prosecuted except upon a complaint filed by the offended party or her parents, grandparents, or guardian, nor, in any case, if the offender has been expressly pardoned by the above named persons, as the case may be.

In cases of seduction, abduction, acts of lasciviousness and rape, the marriage of the offender with the offended party shall extinguish the criminal action or remit the penalty already imposed upon him. The provisions of this paragraph shall also be applicable to the coprincipals, accomplices and accessories after the fact of the above-mentioned crimes.

ART. 345. Civil liability of persons guilty of crimes against chastity.—Persons guilty of rape, seduction or abduction, shall also be sentenced:

1. To indemnify the offended woman.
   
   
2. To acknowledge the offspring, unless the law should prevent him from so doing.
   
   
3. In every case to support the offspring.

The adulterer and the concubine in the case provided for in articles 333 and 334 may also be sentenced, in the same proceeding or in a separate civil proceeding, to indemnify for damages caused to the offended spouse.

ART. 346. Liability of ascendants, guardians, teachers, or other persons entrusted with the custody of the offended party.—The ascendants, guardians, curators, teachers and any person who, by abuse of authority or confidential relationship, shall cooperate as accomplices in the perpetration of the crimes embraced in chapters second, third and fourth of this title, shall be punished as principals.

Teachers or other persons in any other capacity entrusted with the education and guidance of youth, shall also suffer the penalty of temporary special disqualification in its maximum period to perpetual special disqualification.

Any person falling within the terms of this article, and any other person guilty of corruption of minors for the benefit of another, shall be punished by special disqualification from filling the office of guardian.

TITLE TWELVE

CRIMES AGAINST THE CIVIL STATUS OF PERSONS

CHAPTER ONE

SIMULATION OF BIRTHS AND USURPATION OF CIVIL STATUS

ART. 347. Simulation of births, substitution of one child for another and concealment or abandonment of a legitimate child.—The simulation of births and the substitution of one child for another shall be punished by prision mayor and a fine of not exceeding 1,000 pesos.

The same penalties shall be imposed upon any person who shall conceal or abandon any legitimate child with intent to cause such child to lose its civil status.

Any physician or surgeon or public officer who, in violation of the duties of his profession or office, shall cooperate in the execution of any of the crimes mentioned in the two next preceding paragraphs, shall suffer the penalties therein prescribed and also the penalty of temporary special disqualification.

ART. 348. Usurpation of civil status.—The penalty of prision mayor shall be imposed upon any person who shall usurp the civil status of another, should he do so for the purpose of defrauding the offended party or his heirs; otherwise, the penalty of prision correccional in its medium and maximum periods shall be imposed.

CHAPTER TWO

ILLEGAL MARRIAGES
ART. 349. Bigamy.—The penalty of prision mayor shall be imposed upon any person who shall contract a second or subsequent marriage before the former marriage has been legally dissolved, or before the absent spouse has been declared presumptively dead by means of a judgment rendered in the proper proceedings.

ART. 350. Marriage contracted against provisions of laws.—The penalty of prision correccional in its medium and maximum periods shall be imposed upon any person who, without being included in the provisions of the next preceding article, shall contract marriage knowing that the requirements of the law have not been complied with or that the marriage is in disregard of a legal impediment. If either of the contracting parties shall obtain the consent of the other by means of violence, intimidation or fraud, he shall be punished by the maximum period of the penalty provided in the next preceding paragraph.

ART. 351. Premature marriages.—Any widow who shall marry within three hundred and one days from the date of the death of her husband, or before having delivered if she shall have been pregnant at the time of his death, shall be punished by arresto mayor and fine not exceeding 500 pesos.

The same penalties shall be imposed upon any woman whose marriage shall have been annulled or dissolved, if she shall marry before her delivery or before the expiration of the period of three hundred and one days after the legal separation.

ART. 352. Performance of illegal marriage ceremony.—Priests or ministers of any religious denomination or sect, ny. or civil authorities who shall perform or authorize any illegal marriage ceremony shall be punished in accordance with the provisions of the marriage law.

TITLE THIRTEEN

CRIMES AGAINST HONOR

CHAPTER ONE

LIBEL

SECTION ONE.—Definition, forms and punishment of this crime
ART. 353. Definition of libel.—A libel is a public and malicious imputation of a crime, or of a vice or defect, real or imaginary, or any act, omission, condition, status, or circumstance tending to cause the dishonor, discredit, or contempt of a natural or juridical person, or to blacken the memory of one who is dead.

ART. 354. Requirement for publicity.—Every defamatory imputation is presumed to be malicious, even if it be true, if no good intention and justifiable motive for making it is shown, except in the following cases:

1. A private communication made by any person to another in the performance of any legal, moral or social duty; and
   
   
2. A fair and true report, made in good faith, without any comments or remarks, of any judicial, legislative or other official proceedings which are not of confidential nature, or of any statement, report or speech delivered in said proceedings, or of any other act performed by public officers in the exercise of their functions.

ART. 355. Libel by means of writings or similar means.—A libel committed by means of writing, printing, lithography, engraving, radio, phonograph, painting, theatrical exhibition, cinematographic exhibition, or any similar means, shall be punished by prision correccional in its minimum and medium periods or a fine ranging from 200 to 6,000 pesos, or both, in addition to the civil action which may be brought by the offended party.

ART. 356. Threatening to publish and offer to prevent such publication for a compensation.—The penalty of arresto mayor or a fine of from 200 to 2,000 pesos, or both, shall be imposed upon any person who threatens another to publish a libel concerning him or the parents, spouse, child, or other member of the family of the latter, or upon anyone who shall offer to prevent the publication of such libel for a compensation or money consideration.

ART. 357. Prohibited publication of acts referred to in the course of official proceedings.—The penalty of arresto mayor or a fine of from 200 to 2,000 pesos, or both, shall be imposed upon any reporter, editor or manager of a newspaper, daily or magazine, who shall publish facts connected with the private life of another and offensive to the honor, virtue and reputation of said person, even though said publication be made in connection with or underthe pretext that it is necessary in the narration of any judicial or administrative proceedings wherein such facts have been mentioned.

ART. 358. Slander.—Oral defamation shall be punished by arresto mayor in its maximum period to prision correccional in its minimum period if it is of a serious and insulting nature; otherwise, the penalty shall be arresto menor or a fine not exceeding 200 pesos.

ART. 359. Slander by deed.—The penalty of arresto mayor in its maximum period to prision correccional in its minimum period or a fine ranging from 200 to 1,000 pesos shall be imposed upon any person who shall perform any act not included and punished in this title, which shall cast dishonor, discredit or contempt upon another person. If said act is not of a serious nature, the penalty shall be arresto menor or a fine not exceeding 200 pesos.

SECTION TWO.—General provisions
ART. 360. Persons responsible.—Any person who shall publish, exhibit or cause the publication or exhibition of any defamation in writing or by similar means, shall be responsible for the same.

The author or editor of a book or pamphlet, or the editor or business manager of a daily newspaper, magazine or serial publication, shall be responsible for the defamations contained therein to the same extent as if he were the author thereof.

The criminal action and the civil action for damages in cases of written defamations, as provided in this chapter, may be filed simultaneously or separately with the Court of First Instance of the province wherein the libel was published, displayed or exhibited, regardless of the place where the same was written, printed or composed.

No criminal action for defamation which consists in the imputation of a crime which cannot be prosecuted de oficio shall be brought except at the instance of and upon complaint expressly filed by the offended party.

ART. 361. Proof of the truth.—In every criminal prosecution for libel, the truth may be given in evidence to the court and if it appears that the matter charged as libelous is. true, and, moreover, that it was published with good motives and for justifiable ends, the defendant shall be acquitted.

Proof of the truth of an imputation of an act or omission not constituting a crime shall not be admitted, unless the imputation shall have been made against Government employees with respect to facts related to the discharge of their official duties.

In such cases if the defendant proves the truth of the imputation made by him, he shall be acquitted.

ART. 362. Libelous remarks.—Libelous remarks or comments connected with the matter privileged under the provisions of article 354, if made with malice, shall not exempt the author thereof nor the editor or managing editor of a newspaper from criminal liability.

CHAPTER TWO

INCRIMINATORY MACHINATIONS
ART. 363. Incriminating innocent person.—Any person who, by any act not constituting perjury, shall directly incriminate or impute to an innocent person the commission of a crime, shall be punished by arresto mayor.

ART. 364. Intriguing against honor.—The penalty of arresto menor or fine not exceeding 200 pesos shall be imposed for any intrigue which has for its principal purpose to blemish the honor or reputation of a person.

TITLE FOURTEEN

QUASI OFFENSES

SOLE CHAPTER

CRIMINAL NEGLIGENCE

ART. 365. Imprudence and negligence.—Any person who, by reckless imprudence, shall commit any act which, had it been intentional, would constitute a grave felony, shall suffer the penalty of arresto mayor in its maximum period to prision correccional in its minimum period; if it would have constituted a less grave felony, the penalty of arresto mayor in its minimum and medium periods shall be imposed.

Any person who, by simple imprudence or negligence, shall commit an act which would otherwise constitute a grave felony, shall suffer the penalty of arresto mayor in its medium and maximum periods; if it would have constituted a less serious felony, the penalty of arresto mayor in its minimum period shall be imposed.

When the execution of the act covered by this article shall have only resulted in damage to the property of another, the offender shall be punished by a fine ranging from an amount equal to the value of said damages to three times such value, but which shall in no case be less than 25 pesos.

A fine not exceeding 200 pesos and censure shall be imposed upon any person who, by simple imprudence or negligence, shall cause some wrong which, if done maliciously, would have constituted a light felony.

In the imposition of these penalties, the courts shall exercise their sound discretion, without regard to the rules prescribed in article 62.

The provisions contained in this article shall not be applicable:

1. When the penalty provided for the offense is equal to or lower than those provided in the first two paragraphs of this article, in which case the courts shall impose the penalty next lower in degree than that which should be imposed, in the period which they may deem proper to apply.
   
   
2. When, by imprudence or negligence and with violation of the Automobile Law, the death of a person shall be caused, in which case the defendant shall be punished by prision correccional in its medium and maximum periods.

Reckless imprudence consists in voluntarily, but without malice, doing or failing to do an act from which material damage results by reason of inexcusable lack of precaution on the part of the person performing or failing to perform such act, taking into consideration his employment or occupation, degree of intelligence, physical condition and other circumstances regarding persons, time and place.

Simple imprudence consists in the lack of precaution displayed in those cases in which the damage impending to be caused is not immediate nor the danger clearly manifest.

TITLE FIFTEEN

FINAL PROVISIONS
ART. 366. Application of latvs enacted prior to this Code.—Without prejudice to the provisions contained in article 22 of this Code, felonies and misdemeanors, committed prior to the date of effectiveness of this Code shall be punished in accordance with the Code or Acts in force at the time of their commission.

ART. 367. Repealing clause.—Except as is provided in the next preceding article, the present Penal Code, the Provisional Law for the application of its provisions, and Acts Nos. 277, 292, 480, 518, 519, 899, 1121, 1438, 1523, 1559, 1692, 1754, 1755, 1773, 2030, 2036, 2071, 2142, 2212, 2293, 2298, 2300, 2364, 2549, 2557, 2595, 2609, 2712, 2718, 3104, 3195, 3244, 3298, 3309, 3313, 3397, 3559, and 3586, are hereby repealed.

The provisions of the Acts which are mentioned here-under are also repealed, namely:

Act 666, sections 6 and 18.

Act 1508, sections 9, 10, 11, and 12.

Act 1524, section 4.

Act 1533, sections 1, 2, and 6.

Act 1697, sections 3 and 4.

Act 1757, sections 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 (first clause), 11, and 12.

Act 2381, sections 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 9.

Act 2711, sections 102, 2670, 2671, and 2672.

Act 3247, sections 1, 2, 3, and 5; and

General Orders, No. 58, series of 1900, section 106.

And all laws and parts of laws which are contrary to the provisions of this Code are hereby repealed.

Approved, December 8, 1930.

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Source: Supreme Court E-Library | Date created: May 31, 2012
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